References

Life expectancy is the death-weighted average of the reciprocal of the survival-specific force of mortality
Joel E. Cohen
Demographic Research, Volume 22, Article 5

Arias, E. (2007). United States Life Tables, 2004. National Vital Statistics Reports 56(9) (Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics). [ http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr56/nvsr56_09.pdf ]
[ Download reference in RIS | BibTeX format ]

Keyfitz, N. (1968). Introduction to the Mathematics of Population. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
[ Download reference in RIS | BibTeX format ]