Volume 19 - Article 6 | Pages 85–138
Overview Chapter 4: Changing family and partnership behaviour: Common trends and persistent diversity across Europe
By Tomáš Sobotka, Laurent Toulemon
References
Aassve, A., Billari, F.C., Mazzuco, S., and Ongaro, F. (2002). Leaving home: a comparative analysis of ECHP data. Journal of European Social Policy 12(4): 259-276.
Ahlburg, D.A. and De Vita, C.J. (1992). New realities of the American family. Population Bulletin 47(2): 1-43.
Andersson, G. (2002). Children's experience of family disruption and family formation: evidence from 16 FFS countries. Demographic Research 7(7): 341-363.
Andersson, G. (2003). Dissolution of unions in Europe: a comparative overview. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (MPIDR Working Paper WP2003-004).
Andersson, G. (1998). Trends in marriage formation in Sweden. European Journal of Population 14(2): 157-178.
Andersson, G. and Philipov, D. (2002). Life-table representations of family dynamics in Sweden, Hungary, and 14 other FFS countries: a project of descriptions of demographic behaviour. Demographic Research 7(4): 67-144.
Bachrach, C. (1987). Cohabitation and reproductive behavior in the U.S.. Demography 24(4): 623-637.
Barlow, A. (2004). Regulation of cohabitation, changing family policies and social attitudes: a discussion of Britain within Europe. Law & Policy 26(1): 57-86.
Beaumel, C., Daguet, F., Richet-Mastain, L., and Vatan, M. (2007). La situation démographique en 2005 - Mouvement de la population. Insee Resultats 66(41).
Billari, F. (2004). Becoming an adult in Europe: a macro(/micro)-demographic perspective. Demographic Research S3(2): 15-44.
Billari, F. (2005). Partnership, childbearing and parenting: trends of the 1990s. In: UNECE/UNFPA (ed.). The New Demographic Regime. Population Challenges and Policy Responses. Geneva: United Nations: 63–94.
Billari, F., Manfredi, P., and Valentini, A. (2000). Macro-demographic effects of the transition to adulthood: multistate stable population theory and an application to Italy. Mathematical Population Studies 9(1): 33-63.
Billari, F., Philipov, D., and Baizán, P. (2001). Leaving home in Europe: the experience of cohorts born around 1960. International Journal of Population Geography 7: 339-356.
Blom, S. (1994). Marriage and cohabitation in a changing society. Experiences of Norwegian men and women born in 1945 and 1960. European Journal of Population 10: 143-173.
Blossfeld, H.P. (ed.) (1995). The New Role of Women. Family Formation in Modern Societies. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Bozon, M. (2003). At what age do women and men have their first sexual intercourse? Population and Societies 391: 1-4.
Brückner, H. and Mayer, K.U. (2005). De-standardization of the life course. What it might mean? And if it means anything, whether it actually took place? In: Macmillan, R. (ed.). Structure of the Life Course. Standardized? Individualized? Differentiated? Series Advances in Life Course Research Vol. 9. Amsterdam: Elsevier: 27-53.
Bumpass, L. and Lu, H. (2000). Trends in cohabitation and implications for children's family contexts in the U.S. Population Studies 54(1): 29-41.
Bumpass, L. and Sweet, J. (1989). National estimates of cohabitation. Demography 26(4): 615-625.
Castiglioni, M. and Dalla Zuanna, G. (1994). Innovation and tradition: reproductive and marital behaviour in Italy in the 1970s and 1980s. European Journal of Population 10(2): 107-142.
Chambaz, C. (2000). Les familles monoparentales en Europe : des réalités multiples. Etudes et résultats 66.
Corijn, M. and Klijzing, E. (eds.) (2001). Transitions to Adulthood in Europe. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Council of Europe (2006). Recent Demographic Developments in Europe 2005. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.
Courgeau, D. (2002). New approaches and methodological innovations in the study of partnership and fertility behaviour. In: Macura, M. and Beets, G. (eds.). Dynamics of Fertility and Partnership in Europe. Insights and Lessons from Comparative Research. Geneva: United Nations: 99–114.
Dalla Zuanna, G. (2001). The banquet of Aeolus: a familistic interpretation of Italy’s lowest low fertility. Demographic Research 4(5): 133-162.
Delgado, M., Meil, G., and Zamora López, F. (2008). Spain: Short on children and short on family policies. Demographic Research 19(27).
Elzinga, C.H. and Liefbroer, A.C. (2007). Destandardization of family life trajectories of young adults: a cross-national comparison using sequence analysis. European Journal of Population 23(3): 225-250.
Engelhardt, H. and Prskawetz, A. (2004). On the changing correlation between fertility and female employment over space and time. European Journal of Population 20(1): 35-62.
Eurostat (2007, 2008). Population and Social Conditions. Online database [electronic resource].
Eurostat (2006b). Population in Europe 2005. First results. Statistics in Focus, Population and Social Conditions, 16/2006. Luxembourg: European Communities.
Eurostat (2006a). Population Statistics. 2006 Edition. Luxembourg: Office for official Publications of the European Communities.
Festy, P. (2006). Legal recognition of same-sex couples in Europe. Population - E 61(4): 417-453.
Festy, P. (1980). On the new context of marriage in Western Europe. Population and Development Review 6(2): 311-315.
Fokkema, T., de Valk, H., de Beer, J., and van Duin, C. (2008). The Netherlands: Childbearing within the context of a “Poldermodel” society. Demographic Research 19(21).
Giddens, A. (1992). The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Gjonca, A., Aassve, A., and Mencarini, L. (2008). Albania: Trends and patterns, proximate determinants and policies of fertility change. Demographic Research 19(11): 261-292.
Gonzáles, L. (2005). The determinants of the prevalence of single mothers: A cross-country analysis. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labour (IZA Discussion Paper No. 1677).
Grünheid, E. (2006). Die demographische Lage in Deutschland 2005 [2005 report on the demographic situation in Germany]. Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 31(1): 3-104.
Hajnal, J. (1965). European marriage patterns in perspective. In: Glass, D. and Eversley, D. (eds.). Population in History. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company: 101-143.
Haskey, J. (1999). Cohabitational and marital histories of adults in Great Britain. Population Trends 96: 13-24.
Haskey, J. (2005). First estimates of the number of people ‘Living Apart Together’ in Britain. Population Trends 122: 35-46.
Heinz, W.R. and Krüger, H. (2001). Life course: innovations and challenges for social research. Current Sociology 49(2): 29-53.
Heuveline, P. and Timberlake, J.M. (2004). The role of cohabitation in family formation: the United States in comparative perspective. Journal of Marriage and Family 66(6): 1214-1230.
Heuveline, P., Timberlake, J.M., and Furstenberg Jr., F.F. (2003). Shifting childrearing to single mothers. Results from 17 Western countries. Population and Development Review 29(1): 47-71.
Hobcraft, J. (1996). Fertility in England and Wales: a fifty-year perspective. Population Studies 50(3): 485-524.
Hoem, J. (1986). The impact of education on modern family-union initiation. European Journal of Population 2(2): 113-133.
Hoem, J. and Rennermalm, B. (1985). Modern family initiation in Sweden: experience of women born between 1936 and 1960. European Journal of Population 1(1): 81-112.
Holdsworth, C. (2000). Leaving home in Britain and Spain. European Sociological Review 16(2): 201-222.
Insee (2002). Recensement de la population de mars 1999. Tableaux thématiques. Exploitation complémentaire: ménages, familles, population totale. France métropolitaine. Paris: Insee.
Kalmijn, M. (2007). Explaining cross-national differences in marriage, cohabitation, and divorce in Europe. Population Studies 61(3): 243-263.
Kasearu, K. (2007). The case of unmarried cohabitation in Western and Eastern Europe. Paper presented at the conference of European Network on Divorce Comparative and Gendered Perspectives on Family Structure, London, England: London School of Economics, September 17-18, 2007.
Kiernan, K. (1999). Cohabitation in Western Europe. Population Trends 96: 25-32.
Kiernan, K. (2004). Unmarried cohabitation and parenthood in Britain and Europe. Law and Policy 26(1): 33-55.
Kögel, T. (2004). Did the association between fertility and female employment within OECD countries really change its sign? Journal of Population Economics 17(1): 45-65.
Kohler, H.P., Billari, F.C., and Ortega, J.O. (2002). The emergence of lowest-low fertility in Europe during the 1990s. Population and Development Review 28(4): 641-680.
Konietzka, D. and Kreyenfeld, M. (2002). Women’s employment and non-marital childbearing: a comparison between East and West Germany in the 1990s. Population-E 57(2): 331-357.
Kontula, O. (2003). Trends in teenage sexual behaviour, pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections and HIV infections in Europe. In: Bajos, N., Guillaume, A., and Kontula, O. (eds.). Reproductive Health Behaviour of Young Europeans. Volume 1. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Population Studies : 77-137.
Kravdal, Ø. (1999). Does marriage require a stronger economic underpinning than informal cohabitation? Population Studies 53: 63-80.
Kuijsten, A. (1996). Changing family patterns in Europe, a case of divergence? European Journal of Population 12(2): 115-143.
Leridon, H. and Villeneuve-Gokalp, C. (1989). The new couples: number, characteristics and attitudes. Population-English Selection 1: 203-230.
Lesthaeghe, R. and Moors, G. (2002). Life course transitions and value orientations: selection and adaptation. In: Lesthaeghe, R. (ed.). Meaning and Choice: Value Orientation and Life Course Decisions. The Hague, Brussels: NIDI/CBGS Publication: 1–44.
Liefbroer, A. (1991). Choosing between a married and an unmarried first union among young adults: a competing risks analysis. European Journal of Population 7: 273-298.
Liefbroer, A. and Dourleijn, E. (2006). Unmarried cohabitation and union stability: testing the role of diffusion using data from 16 European countries. Demography 43(2): 203-221.
Macura, M. and Beets, G. (eds.) (2002). Dynamics of Fertility and Partnership in Europe. Insights and Lessons from Comparative Research. Vol. 1. Geneva: United Nations.
Manacorda, M. and Moretti, E. (2006). Why do most Italian youths live with their parents? Intergenerational transfers and household structure. Journal of the European Economic Association 4(4): 800-829.
Manting, D. (1994). Dynamics in Marriage and Cohabitation. An Inter-Temporal, Life Course Analysis of First Union Formation and Dissolution. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers.
Mills, M. (2000). The Transformation of Partnerships. Canada, the Netherlands and the Russian Federation in the Age of Modernity. Amsterdam: Thela Thesis, Population Studies Series.
Mulder, C., Clark, W., and Wagner, M. (2002). A comparative analysis of leaving home in the United States, the Netherlands and West Germany. Demographic Research 7(17): 565-592.
Munoz-Pérez, F. (1991). Les naissances hors mariage et les conceptions prénuptiales en Espagne depuis 1975. I. Une période de profonds changements. Population 46(4): 881-912.
Munoz-Pérez, F. and Prioux, F. (2000). Children born outside marriage in France and their parents: recognitions and legitimations since 1965. Population: An English selection 12: 139-195.
Munoz-Pérez, F. and Prioux, F. (2005). Filiation des enfants nés hors mariage en France depuis 1950. In: Bergouignan, C., Aubry, B., Cauchi-Duval, N., and Parant, A. (eds.). La population de la France : évolutions démographiques depuis 1946. Vol. 1. Pessac: CUDEP: 333–354.
Murphy, M. (2000). The evolution of cohabitation in Britain, 1960-1995. Population Studies 54: 43-56.
Nazio, T. and Blossfeld, H.P. (2003). The diffusion of cohabitation among young women in West Germany, East Germany and Italy. European Journal of Population 19: 47-82.
Ongaro, F. (2001). Transition to adulthood in Italy. In: Corijn, M. and Klijzing, E. (eds.). Transitions to Adulthood in Europe. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
ONS (2007). Birth statistics. Review of the Registrar General on births and patterns of family building England and Wales, 2006. London: Office of National Statistics (Series FM1, No. 35).
Oppenheimer, V. (2003). Cohabiting and marriage during young men’s career-development process. Demography 40: 127-149.
Osborne, C., Manning, W.D., and Smock, P.J. (2007). Married and cohabiting parents’ relationship stability: a focus on race and ethnicity. Journal of Marriage and Family 69(5): 1345-1366.
Perelli-Harris, B. (2008). Ukraine: On the border between old and new in uncertain times. Demographic Research 19(29).
Philipov, D. (2006). Portrait of the family in Europe. In: Hantrais, L., Philipov, D., and Billari, F.C. (eds.). Policy Implications of Changing Family Formation. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, Population Studies Series 49: 19–62.
Pinnelli, A. (2001). Determinants of fertility in Europe: new family forms, context and individual characteristics. In: Pinnelli, A., Hoffmann-Nowotny, H.J., and Fux, B. (eds.). Fertility and New Types of Households and Family Formation in Europe. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, Population Studies Series : 47-181.
Population Trends (2006). Vital Statistics Summary, Table 3.2. Population Trends 128(Summer 2007): 57.
Prinz, C. (1995). Cohabiting, Married, or Single. Avebury: Aldershot, Brookfield, Vermont.
Prioux, F. (2003). Age at first union in France: a two-stage process of change. Population - E 58(4-5): 559-578.
Prioux, F. (2006). Cohabitation, marriage and separation: contrasts in Europe. Population & Societies 422: 1-4.
Prioux, F. (1993). The ups and downs of marriage in Austria. Population: An English Selection 5: 153-182.
Probert, R. (2004). Cohabitation in Twentieth-Century England and Wales: law and policy. Law and Policy 26(1): 13-32.
Prskawetz, A., Thomson, E., Spielauer, M., and Winkler-Dworak, M. (2007). Union instability as an engine of fertility? A micro-simulation model for France. Paper presented at the PAA 2007 Annual meeting, New-York, March 29-31, 2007.
Prskawetz, A., Vikat, A., Philipov, D., and Engelhardt, H. (2003). Pathways to stepfamily formation in Europe. Results from the FFS. Demographic Research 8(5): 106–149.
Raley, K. (2001). Increasing fertility in cohabiting unions: evidence for the Second Demographic Transition in the United States? Demography 38(1): 59-66.
Reher, D. (1998). Family ties in western Europe: persistent contrasts. Population and Development Review 24(2): 203-234.
Rindfuss, R. (1991). The young adult years: diversity, structural change, and fertility. Demography 28(4): 493-512.
Rindfuss, R. and VandenHeuvel, A. (1990). Cohabitation: precursor to marriage or an alternative to being single. Population and Development Review 16(4): 703-726.
Rosina, A. and Fraboni, R. (2004). Is marriage loosing its centrality in Italy? Demographic Research 11(6): 149-172.
Salles, A. (2006). The effects of family policy in the former GDR on nuptiality and births outside marriage. Population-E 61(1-2): 141-152.
Sardon, J.P. (1991). Mariage et divorce en Europe de l'Est. Population 46(3): 547-598.
Sardon, J.P. (1993). Women’s first marriage rates in Europe. Elements for a typology. Population: An English Selection 5: 119-152.
Schulze, H.J. and Tyrell, H. (2002). What happened to the European family in the 1980s? The polarization between the family and other forms of private life. In: Kaufmann, F.X., Kuijsten, A., Schulze, H.J., and Strohmeier, K.P. (eds.). Family Life and Family Policies in Europe. Vol. 2: Problems and Issues in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 69–119.
Smallwood, S. (2002). New estimates of trends in births by birth order in England and Wales. Population Trends 108: 32-48.
Smock, P. (2000). Cohabitation in the United States: an appraisal of research themes, findings and implications. Annual Review of Sociology 26: 1-20.
Sobotka, T. and Testa, M.R. (2008). Attitudes and intentions towards childlessness in Europe. In: Höhn, C., Avramov, D., and Kotowska, I. (eds.). People, Population Change and Policies: Lessons from the Population Policy Acceptance Study, Vol. 1. European Studies of Population. Berlin: Springer Verlag: 177–212.
Steele, F., Joshi, H., Kallis, C., and Goldstein, H. (2006). Changing compatibility of cohabitation and childbearing between young British women born in 1958 and 1970. Population Studies 60(2): 137–152.
Stevenson, B. and Wolfers, J. (2007). Marriage and divorce: changes and their driving forces. Journal of Economic Perspectives 21(2): 27-52.
Stropnik, N. and Šircelj, M. (2008). Slovenia: Generous family policy without evidence of any fertility impact. Demographic Research 19(26): 1019-1058.
Thomson, E. (2005). Partnership and parenthood: connections between cohabitation, marriage and childbearing. In: Booth, A. and Crouter, N. (eds.). The New Population Problem: Why Families in Developed Countries are Shrinking and What It Means. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: 129-149.
Thornton, A., Axinn, W., and Xie, Y. (2007). Marriage and Cohabitation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Population and Development Series.
Toulemon, L. (1997). Cohabitation is here to stay. Population. An English Selection 9: 11-46.
Toulemon, L. (2006). La fécondité est-elle encore naturelle? Application au retard des naissances et à son influence sur la descendance finale, in Entre nature et culture: quelle(s) démographie(s)? Louvain-la-Neuve: Academia-Bruylant.
Toulemon, L. (1995). The place of children in the history of couples. Population: An English Selection 7: 163-186.
Toulemon, L. and Lapierre-Adamcyk, É. (2000). Demographic patterns of motherhood and fatherhood in France. In: Bledsoe, C., Lerner, S., and Guyer, J. (eds.). Fertility and the Male Life-Cycle in the Era of Fertility Decline. New York: Oxford University Press: 293–330.
Toulemon, L. and Mazuy, M. (2001). Les naissances sont retardées mais la fécondité est stable. Population 56(4): 611-644.
Toulemon, L., Pailhé, A., and Rossier, C. (2008). France: High and stable fertility. Demographic Research 19(16): 503-556.
Trost, J. (1981). Cohabitation in the Nordic countries. Alternative Lifestyles 4: 401-427.
Trost, J. (1979). Unmarried Cohabitation. Vasteras: International Library.
Van de Kaa, D. (1994). The second demographic transition revisited: theories and expectations. In: Beets, G., van den Brekel, H., Cliquet, R., Dooghe, G., and de Jong Gierveld, J. (eds.). Population and Family in the Low Countries 1993. NIDI/CBGS Publication, No. 30. Lisse: Zwets and Zeitlinger: 91-126.
Vikat, A., Spéder, Z., Beets, G., Billari, F.C., Bühler, C., Désesquelles, A., Fokkema, T., Hoem, J.M., MacDonald, A., Neyer, G., Pailhé, A., Pinnelli, A., and Solaz, A. (2007). Generations and Gender Survey (GGS): towards a better understanding of relationships and processes in the life course. Demographic Research 17(4): 389-440.
Villeneuve-Gokalp, C. (1991). From marriage to informal union: recent changes in the behaviour of French couples. Population: An English Selection 3: 81-111.
Villeneuve-Gokalp, C. (1997). Vivre en couple chacun chez soi. Population 52(5): 1059-1081.
Waaldijk, K. (ed.) (2005). More or less together: levels of legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex and same-sex partners. Documents de travail de l’Ined, 125.
Winkler-Dworak, M. and Engelhardt, H. (2004). On the tempo and quantum of first marriages in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. Changes in mean age and variance. Demographic Research 10(9): 231-263.
Zeman, K. (2003). Divorce and Marital Dissolution in the Czech Republic and Austria. The role of Premarital Cohabitation. [Doctoral thesis]. Prague, Charles University.