Volume 22 - Article 28 | Pages 891–932
Effects of education on second births before and after societal transition: Evidence from the Estonian GGS
By Martin Klesment, Allan Puur
References
Andersson, G., Rønsen, M., Knudsen, L.B., Lappegård, T., Neyer, G., Skrede, K., Teschner, K., and Vikat, A. (2009). Cohort fertility patterns in the Nordic countries. Demographic Research 20(14): 313-352.
Aslund, A. (2007). How capitalism was built: The transformation of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia and central Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Becker, G.S. (1993). A treatise on the family. Cambridge: Harvard University Press (Enlarged Edition).
Blossfeld, H.-P. and Huinink, J. (1991). Human capital investments or norms of role transition? How women's schooling and career affect the process of family formation. The American Journal of Sociology 97(1): 143-168.
Blossfeld, H.-P. and Timm, A. (eds.) (2003). Who marries whom? Educational systems as marriage markets in modern societies. Dordrecht, Boston, and London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Cigno, A. (1994). Economics of the family. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Coale, A. (1994). Nuptiality and Fertility in USSR Republics and Neighboring Populations. In: Lutz, W., Scherbov, S., and Volkov, A. (eds.). Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. London and New York: Routledge: 3-17.
Coale, A., Anderson, B., and Härm, E. (1979). Human fertility in Russia since the nineteenth century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Coale, A. and Watkins, S. (1986). The decline of fertility in Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Council of Europe (2006). Recent demographic developments in Europe 2005. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.
EKDK (2004). Eesti Pere-ja Sündimusuuring. Teine ring. Küsitlusinstrumentaarium [Estonian family and fertility survey. Second round. Survey instruments]. Tallinn: EKDK.
Ermisch, J.F. (1989). Purchased child care, optimal family size, and mother's employment: Theory and econometric analysis. Journal of Population Economics 2(2): 79-102.
ESA (2004). Higher education 1993-2003. Tallinn: Statistical Office of Estonia.
ESA (2009). Statistical Office of Estonia statistical database [electronic resource].
Esping-Andersen, G. (1999). Social foundations of postindustrial economics. Cambridge: Polity Press.
European Commission (2008). Employment in Europe 2008. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Eurostat (2009). Eurostat database [electronic resource].
Frejka, T. and Sardon, J.-P. (eds.) (2004). Childbearing trends and prospects in low fertility countries. A cohort analysis. Dordrecht, Boston, and London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Frejka, T. and Sobotka, T. (2008). Overview Chapter 1: Fertility in Europe: Diverse, delayed and below replacement. Demographic Research SC7: Childbearing trends and policies in Europe 19(3): 15-46.
Gerster, M., Keiding, N., Knudsen, L.B., and Strandberg-Larsen, K. (2007). Education and second birth rates in Denmark 1981-1994. Demographic Research 17(8): 181-210.
Gornick, J.C., Meyers, M.K., and Ross, K.E. (1998). Public policies and the employment of mothers: A cross-national study. Social Science Quarterly 79(1): 35-54.
Gustafsson, S. and Kalwij, A. (eds.) (2006). Education and postponement of maternity: Economic analyses for industrialized countries. Berlin: Springer.
Hoem, B. (1996). The social meaning of the age at second birth for third-birth fertility: A methodological note on the need to sometimes respecify an intermediate variable. Yearbook of Population Research in Finland 33: 333-339.
Hoem, B. and Hoem, J.M. (1989). The impact of women's employment on second and third births in modern Sweden. Population Studies 43(1): 47-67.
Hoem, J.M. (1986). The impact of education on modern family-union initiation. European Journal of Population 2(2): 113-133.
Hoem, J.M. and Kreyenfeld, M. (2006a). Anticipatory analysis and its alternatives in life-course research. Part 1: Education and first childbearing. Demographic Research 15(16): 461-484.
Hoem, J.M. and Kreyenfeld, M. (2006b). Anticipatory analysis and its alternatives in life-course research. Part 2: Marriage and first birth. Demographic Research 15(17): 485-498.
Hoem, J.M., Neyer, G., and Andersson, G. (2006a). Education and childlessness: The relationship between educational field, educational level, and childlessness among Swedish women born in 1955-59. Demographic Research 14(15): 331-380.
Hoem, J.M., Neyer, G., and Andersson, G. (2006b). Education and ultimate fertility among Swedish women born in 1955-59. Demographic Research 14(16): 381-404.
Hoem, J.M., Prskawetz, A., and Neyer, G. (2001). Autonomy or conservative adjustment? The effect of public policies and educational attainment on third births in Austria, 1975-96. Population Studies 55(3): 249-261.
Kahk, J. and Tarvel, E. (1997). An economic history of the Baltic countries. Stockholm: Almquist and Wiksell International.
Kantorova, V. (2006). Education and entry into motherhood in the Czech Republic during state-socialism and the transition period 1970-1997. In: Gustaffson, S. and Kalwij, A. (eds.). Education and postponement of maternity: Economic analyses for industrialized countries. Berlin: Springer: 237-258.
Katus, K. (1994). Fertility transition in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In: Lutz, W., Scherbov, S., and Volkov, A. (eds.). Demographic trends and patterns in the Soviet Union before 1991. London and New York: Routledge: 89-111.
Katus, K. (1991). Fertility trend and regional differences in Estonia. Tallinn: EKDK (RU Series B, 12).
Katus, K. (2000). General patterns of post-transitional fertility in Estonia. Trames 4(3): 213-230.
Katus, K. (1997). Long-term fertility development in Baltoscandia. Yearbook of Population Research in Finland 34: 18-35.
Katus, K. (2003). Non-marital fertility in the Baltic region. In: Katus, K. and Puur, A. (eds.). Unity and diversity of population development: Baltic and South Caucasian regions. Tallinn: EKDK: 207-224 (RU Series D, 3).
Katus, K., Puur, A., and Põldma, A. (2002). Eesti põlvkondlik rahvastikuareng [Cohort population development in Estonia]. Tallinn: EKDK (RU Series D, 2).
Katus, K., Puur, A., and Põldma, A. (2008). Estonian family and fertility survey, 2nd round. Standard tabulations. Tallinn: EKDK (RU Series C, 26).
Katus, K., Puur, A., and Põldma, A. (2004). Population-related policies in Estonia. Yearbook of Population Research in Finland 40: 73-104.
Katus, K., Puur, A., Põldma, A., and Sakkeus, L. (2009). Fertility development in the Baltic countries since 1990: Recent changes in the context of long-term trends. Yearbook of Population Research in Finland 44: 5-19.
Katus, K., Puur, A., Põldma, A., and Sakkeus, L. (2007). First union formation in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania: Patterns across countries and gender. Demographic Research 17(10): 247-300.
Katus, K., Puur, A., and Sakkeus, L. (2000). Fertility and family surveys in countries of the ECE region. Standard country report. Estonia. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
Katus, K., Puur, A., and Sakkeus, L. (2002). Immigrant population in Estonia. In: Haug, W., Compton, P., and Courbage, Y. (eds.). The demographic characteristics of immigrant populations. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishers: 131-192.
Klesment, M. and Puur, A. (forthcoming). Education and second births: Analysis of the Estonian GGS. Tallinn: EKDK (RU Series C, 58).
Köppen, K. (2006). Second births in western Germany and France. Demographic Research 14(14): 295-330.
Koytcheva, E. (2006). Socio-demographic differences of fertility and union formation in Bulgaria before and after the start of the societal transition. [Ph.D. dissertation]. Rostock: University of Rostock.
Kravdal, Ø. (2007). Effects of current education on second- and third-birth rates among Norwegian women and men born in 1964: Substantive interpretations and methodological issues. Demographic Research 17(9): 211-246.
Kravdal, Ø. (1992). The emergence of a positive relation between education and third birth rates in Norway with supportive evidence from the United States. Population Studies 46(3): 459-475.
Kravdal, Ø. (2001). The high fertility of college educated women in Norway: An artefact of the separate modelling of each parity transition. Demographic Research 5(6): 187-216.
Kreyenfeld, M. (2006). Family formation in East and West Germany before and after unification. In: Gustaffson, S. and Kalwij, A. (eds.). Education and postponement of maternity: Economic analyses for industrialized countries. Berlin: Springer: 225-236.
Kreyenfeld, M. (2004). Fertility decisions in the FRG and GDR: An analysis with data from the German fertility and family survey. Demographic Research SC3(11): 275-318.
Kreyenfeld, M. (2002). Time-squeeze, partner effect or self-selection? An investigation into the positive effect of women’s education on second birth risks in West Germany. Demographic Research 7(2): 15-48.
Kreyenfeld, M. and Zabel, C. (2005). Female education and the second child: Great Britain and Western Germany compared. Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften/Schmollers Jahrbuch 125(1): 145-156.
Lesthaeghe, R. (1995). The second demographic transition in Western countries: An interpretation. In: Mason, K. and Jensen, A.-M. (eds.). Gender and Family Change in Industrialised Countries. Oxford: Clarendon Press: 17-62.
Lesthaeghe, R. and Surkyn, J. (2002). New forms of household formation in Central and Eastern Europe: Are they related to emerging value orientations. In: Economic Survey of Europe 1. New York and Geneva: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe: 197-216.
Liefbroer, A.C. and Corijn, M. (1999). Who, what, where and when? Specifying the impact of educational attainment and labour force participation on family formation. European Journal of Population 15(1): 45-75.
Macura, M. and Klijzing, E. (1997). Cohabitation and extra-marital childbearing: Early FFS evidence. In: International Population Conference, Vol. 2. Liege: IUSSP: 885-902.
McAuley, A. (1981). Women's work and wages in the Soviet Union. London: Allen and Unwin.
McDonald, P. (2000). Gender equity in theories of fertility transition. Population and Development Review 26(3): 427-439.
Mertelsmann, O. (ed.) (2003). The sovietization of the Baltic States, 1940-1956. Tartu: Kleio.
Morgan, S.P. (2003). Is low fertility a twenty-first-century demographic crisis? Demography 40(4): 589-603.
Muresan, C. (2007). Educational attainment and second births in Romania. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (MPIDR WP 2007-028).
Noorkõiv, R., Orazem, P.F., Puur, A., and Vodopivec, M. (1998). Employment and wage dynamics in Estonia, 1989-95. Economics of Transition 6(2): 481-503.
OECD (2006). OECD thematic review of tertiary education. Country background report for Estonia. Paris: OECD.
Olàh, L.Sz. (2003). Gendering fertility: Second births in Sweden and Hungary. Population Research and Policy Review 22(2): 171-200.
Oppenheimer, V.K. (1997). Women's employment and the gain to marriage: The specialization and trading model. Annual Review of Sociology 23: 431-453.
Oppenheimer, V.K. (1994). Women's rising employment and the future of the family in industrial societies. Population and Development Review 20(2): 293-342.
Perelli-Harris, B. (2008). Family formation in post-Soviet Ukraine: Changing effects of education in a period of rapid social change. Social Forces 87(2): 1-28.
Prioux, F. (2006). Cohabitation, marriage and separation: Contrasts in Europe. Population & Societies 422: 1-4.
Puur, A. (2000b). Economic activity in transition: Population of foreign origin in Estonia in the 1990s. Trames 4(3): 286-316.
Puur, A. (2000a). Female labour force participation during economic transition: The case of Estonia. Tallinn: EKDK (RU Series B, 44).
Puur, A. (1995). Labour force participation trends in the Baltic states 1959-1989. In: Lundh, C. (ed.). Demography, economy and welfare. Lund: Lund University Press: 321-335 (Scandinavian Population Studies 10).
Puur, A., Põldma, A., and Sakkeus, L. (2009). Estonian family and fertility survey. Second round. Methodological report. Tallinn: EKDK (RU Series C, 27, forthcoming).
Rieck, D. (2006). Transition to second birth - the case of Russia. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (MPIDR WP 2006-036).
Sakkeus, L. (2000). Demographic behaviour patterns of immigrants and national minority of the same ethnic background: The case of Estonia. Trames 4(3): 268-285.
Schwartz, C.R. and Mare, R.D. (2005). Trends in educational assortative marriage from 1940 to 2003. Demography 42(4): 621-646.
Sobotka, T. (2004). Is lowest-low fertility in Europe explained by the postponement of childbearing? Population and Development Review 30(2): 195-220.
Sobotka, T. and Toulemon, L. (2008). Overview chapter 4: Changing family and partnership behaviour: Common trends and persistent diversity across Europe. Demographic Research SC7: Childbearing trends and policies in Europe 19(6): 85-138.
UNECE (2005). Gender and Generations Programme. Survey Instruments. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
Van de Kaa, D. (1987). The Europe's second demographic transition. Population Bulletin 42(1): 1-59.
Vikat, A. (2004). Women's labour force attachment and childbearing in Finland. Demographic Research SC3(8): 177-212.
Vikat, A., Spéder, Z., Beets, G., Billari, F.C., Bühler, C., Désequelles, A., Fokkema, T., Hoem, J.M., MacDonald, A., Neyer, G., Pailhé, A., Pinelli, A., and Solaz, A. (2007). Generations and Gender Survey (GGS): Towards a better understanding of relationships and processes in the life course. Demographic Research 17(14): 389-440.