Volume 25 - Article 10 | Pages 337–370
Challenges in moving from macro to micro: Population and family structures in ageing societies
By Katharina Herlofson, Gunhild Hagestad
References
Agree, E.M. and Glaser, K. (2009). Demography of informal caregiving. In: Uhlenberg, P. (ed.). International Handbook on Population Aging. Springer: 647-668.
Batljan, I., Lagergren, M., and Thorslund, M. (2009). Population ageing in Sweden: The effect of change in educational composition on the future number of older people suffering severe ill-health. European Journal of Ageing 6(3): 201-211.
Bengtson, V.L., Lowenstein, A., Putney, N.M., and Gans, D. (2003). Global aging and the challenge to families. In: Bengtson, V.L. and Lowenstein, A. (eds.). Global Aging and challenges to families. New York: Aldine de Gruyter: 1-24.
Bengtson, V.L., Rosenthal, C., and Burton, L. (1990). Families and aging: Diversity and heterogeneity. In: Binstock, R.H. and George, L.K. (eds.). The handbook of aging and the social sciences. New York: Academic Press: 263-287.
Bengtson, V.L., Silverstein, M., and Giarrusso, R. (1995). The Longitudinal Study of Generations. In: Maddox, G. (ed.). Encyclopedia of aging. New York: Springer.
Billari, F. (2005). Partnership, childbearing and parenting: Trends of the 1990s. In: Macura, M., MacDonald, A.L., and Haug, W. (eds.). The new demographic regime. Population challenges and policy responses. Geneva: United Nations: 63-94.
Brandt, M., Haberkern, K., and Szydlik, M. (2009). Intergenerational help and care in Europe. European Sociological Review 25(5): 585-601.
Bytheway, B. (1974). A statistical trap associated with family size. Journal of Biosocial Science 6(1): 67-72.
Carnes, B.A. and Olshansky, S.J. (2007). A realist view of aging, mortality, and future longevity. Population and Development Review 33(2): 367-381.
Christensen, K., Doblhammer, G., Rau, R., and Vaupel, J.W. (2009). Ageing populations: The challenges ahead. Lancet 374(9696): 1196-1208.
Clarke, L. (1995). Family care and changing family structure: Bad news for the elderly? In: Allen, I. and Perkins, E. (eds.). The future of family care. London: HMSO: 19-50.
Connidis, I.A. (2010). Family ties and aging. Second edition. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press.
Daatland, S.O. and Herlofson, K. (2003). Norms and ideals about elder care. In: Lowenstein, A. and Ogg, J. (eds.). OASIS. Old age and autonomy: The role of service systems and intergenerational family solidarity. Final report. Haifa: Center for research and study of aging, University of Haifa.
De Jong Gierveld, J. and Dykstra, P.A. (2006). Impact of longer life on care giving from children. In: Zeng, Y., Crimmins, E.M., Carrière, Y., and Robine, J.-M. (eds.). Longer life and healthy aging. Dordrecht: Springer: 239-259.
Devolder, D. (2005). Fertility trends in Europe: Parity analysis. Paper presented at the IUSSP XXV International Population Conference, Tours, France, July 18-23, 2005.
Doblhammer, G. and Hoffmann, R. (2010). Gender differences in trajectories of health limitations and subsequent mortality. A study based on the German Socioeconomic Panel 1995-2001 with a mortality follow-up 2002-2005. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 65B(4): 482-491.
Dorbritz, J. (2008). Germany: Family diversity with low actual and desired fertility. Demographic Research 19(17): 557-598.
Dubas, J.S. (2001). How gender moderates the grandparent-grandchild relationship: A comparison of kin-keeper and kin-selector theories. Journal of Family Issues 22(4): 478-492.
Dykstra, P.A. (2009). Childless old age. In: Uhlenberg, P. (ed.). International Handbook on Population Aging. Springer: 671-690.
Dykstra, P.A. (2003). Implications of socio-demographic changes for individual lives and families. Paper presented at the EURESCO conference on the Second Demographic Transition in Europe, Spa, Belgium, June 19-24, 2003.
Dykstra, P.A. and Hagestad, G.O. (2007b). Childlessness and parenthood in two centuries: Different roads - different maps? Journal of Family Issues 28(11): 1518-1532.
Dykstra, P.A. and Hagestad, G.O. (2007a). Roads less taken. Developing a nuanced view of older adults without children. Journal of Family Issues 28(10): 1275-1310.
Dykstra, P.A. and Komter, A.E. (2006). Structural characteristics of Dutch kin networds. In: Dykstra, P.A., Kalmijn, M., Knijn, T.C.M., Komter, A.E., Liefbroer, A.C., and Mulder, C.H. (eds.). Family solidarity in the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Dutch University Press: 21-37.
Eggebeen, D.J. (1992). Family structure and intergenerational exchanges. Research on Aging 14(4): 427-447.
Eisenberg, A.R. (1988). Grandchildren’s perspectives on relationships with grandparents: The influence of gender across generations. Sex Roles 19(3-4): 205-217.
Esping-Andersen, G. and Sarasa, S. (2002). The generational conflict reconsidered. Journal of European Social Policy 12(1): 5-21.
European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Condition (1995). Who will care? - Future prospects for family care of older people in the European Union. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Farkas, J.I. and Hogan, D.P. (1995). The demography of changing intergenerational relationships. In: Bengtson, V.L., Schaie, K.W., and Burton, L.M. (eds.). Adult Intergenerational Relations. New York: Springer Publishing Company: 1-18.
Finch, J. and Mason, J. (1993). Negotiating family responsibilities. London: Routledge.
Freedman, V.A., Crimmins, E., Schoeni, R.F., Spillmann, B.C., Aykan, H., Kramarow, E., Land, K., Lubitz, J., Manton, K., Martin, L.G., Shinberg, D., and Waidman, T. (2004). Resolving inconsistencies in trends in old-age disability: Report from a technical working group. Demography 41(3): 417-441.
Freedman, V.A., Wolf, D.A., Soldo, B.J., and Stephen, E.H. (1991). Intergenerational transfers: A question of perspective. The Gerontologist 31(5): 640-647.
Frejka, T. (2008). Parity distribution and completed family size in Europe: Incipient decline of the two-child family model? Demographic Research 19(4): 47-72.
Frejka, T. and Sardon, J.-P. (2006). First birth trends in developed countries: Persisting parenthood postponement. Demographic Research 15(6): 147-180.
Gee, E.M. and Gutman, G.M. (eds.) (2000). The overselling of population aging. Apocalyptic demography, intergenerational challenges, and social policy. Toronto: Oxford University Press.
Goldstein, J.R., Sobotka, T., and Jasilioniene, A. (2009). The end of “lowest-low” fertility? Population and Development Review 35(4): 663-699.
Grünheid, E. and Scharein, M.G. (2011). On developments in the mean joint lifetimes of three- and four-generation families in Western and Eastern Germany - a model calculation. Comparative Population Studies (preprint).
Hagestad, G.O. (2001). Adult intergenerational relationships. In: Gender and Generation Programme: Exploring future research and data collection options. New York and Geneva: UNECE and United Nations Population Fund: 125-143.
Hagestad, G.O. (2008b). Changes in children’s age and generation mosaics: Challenges to research and policy. In: Leira, A. and Saraceno, C. (eds.). Childhood: Changing contexts. Comparative Social Research Vol. 25. Bingley, UK: Emerald: 113-132.
Hagestad, G.O. (1985). Continuity and connectedness. In: Bengtson, V.L. and Robertson, J.F. (eds.). Grandparenthood. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage: 31-48.
Hagestad, G.O. (1981). Problems and promises in the social psychology of intergenerational relations. In: Fogel, R.W., Hatfield, E., Kiesler, S.B., and Shanas, E. (eds.). Aging, stability and change in the family. New York: Academic Press: 11-46.
Hagestad, G.O. (2008a). The book-ends: Emerging perspectives on children and old people. In: Saraceno, C. (ed.). Families, ageing and social policy. Intergenerational solidarity in European welfare states. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar: 20-37.
Hagestad, G.O. (2006). Transfers between grandparents and grandchildren: The importance of taking a three-generation perspective. Zeitschrift für Familienforschung 18(3): 315-332.
Hagestad, G.O. and Herlofson, K. (2010). Aldring [Ageing]. In: Frønes, I. and Kjølsrød, L. (eds.). Det norske samfunn. Oslo: Gyldendal akademisk: 414-434.
Hagestad, G.O. and Uhlenberg, P. (2007). The impact of demographic changes on relations between age groups and generations: A comparative perspective. In: Schaie, K.W. and Uhlenberg, P. (eds.). Social structures: Demographic changes and the well-being of older persons. New York: Springer Publishing Co.: 239-261.
Harper, S. (2003). Changing families as European societies age. European Journal of Sociology 44(2): 155-184.
Hill, R., Foote, N., Aldous, J., Carlson, R., and MacDonald, R. (1970). Family development in three generations. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman Publishing Co.
Jacobzone, S., Cambois, E., Chaplain, E., and Robine, J.M. (1999). The health of older persons in OECD countries. Is it improving fast enough to compensate for population ageing? OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers 37 (Paris: OECD).
Jensen, A.-M., Kjørholt, A.T., Qvortrup, J., and Sandbæk, M. (2004). Childhood and generation in Norway: Money, time and space. In: Jensen, A.-M., Ben-Arieh, A., Conti, C., Kutsar, D., Phádraig, M.N.G., and Nielsen, H.W. (eds.). Children’s Welfare in Ageing Europe, vol. 1. Trondheim: Norsk senter for barneforskning: 335-457.
Keck, W. and Saraceno, C. (2008). Grandchildhood in Germany and Italy: An exploration. In: Leira, A. and Saraceno, C. (eds.). Childhood: Changing contexts. Comparative Social Research Vol. 25. Bingley, UK: Emerald: 133-163.
Kennedy, G.E. (1990). College students’ expectations of grandparent and grandchild role behaviours. The Gerontologist 30(1): 43-48.
Kinsella, K. and Taeuber, C.M. (1993). An Aging World II. Washington D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Government Printing Office, International Population Reports.
Kinsella, K. and Velkoff, V.A. (2001). An aging world: 2001. Washington D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Government Printing Office (Series P95/01-1).
Knipscheer, C.P.M. (1992). Interdependency among the generations within the family: A sociological approach. In: Bouma, H. and Graafmans, J.A.M. (eds.). Gerontechnology. Amsterdam: IOS Press: 39-50.
Knipscheer, C.P.M., Dykstra, P., Utasi, A., and Cxeh-Szombathy, L. (2000). Aging and the family. In: Beets, G. and Miltényi, K. (eds.). Population ageing in Hungary and the Netherlands: A European perspective. Amsterdam: Thela Thesis Publishers: 181-199.
Kohli, M. and Albertini, M. (2009). Childlessness and intergenerational transfers: What is at stake? Ageing and Society 29(8): 1171-1183.
Kohli, M., Künemund, H., and Lüdicke, J. (2005). Family structure, proximity and contact. In: Börsch-Supan, A., Brugiavini, A., Jürges, H., Mackenbach, J., Siegrist, J., and Weber, G. (eds.). Health, ageing and retirement in Europe - First results from the Survey on Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. Mannheim: MEA: 164-170.
Kreager, P. and Schröder-Butterfill, E. (eds.) (2004). Ageing without children: European and Asian perspectives. New York: Berghahn Books.
Kreyenfeld, M., Scholz, R., Peters, F., and Wlosnewski, I. (2010). The German Birth Order Register - Order-specific data generated from perinatal statistics and statistics on out-of-hospital births 2001-2008. Rostock: Max Planck Institut for Demographic Research, MPIDR Working Paper (WP 2010-010).
Langford, C.M. (1982). Family size from the child’s point of view. Journal of Biosocial Science 14(3): 319-327.
Lowenstein, A., Katz, R., Mehlhausen-Hassoen, D., and Prilutzky, D. (2002). The research instruments in the OASIS project. Haifa: The center for research and study of aging, University of Haifa.
Lutz, W., Goujon, A., Samir, K.C., and Sanderson, W. (2007). Reconstruction of populations by age, sex and level of educational attainment for 120 countries for 1970-2000. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2007: 193-235.
Lutz, W., Skirbekk, V., and Testa, M.R. (2006). The low fertility trap hypothesis: Forces that may lead to further postponement and fewer births in Europe. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2006: 167-192.
Matthews, S.H. and Sprey, J. (1985). Adolescents’ relationships with grandparents: An empirical contribution to conceptual clarification. Journal of Gerontology 40(5): 621-626.
Matthews, S.H. and Sun, R. (2006). Incidence of four-generation family lineages: Is timing of fertility or mortality a better explanation? The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 61(2): S99-S106.
Monk, A. (1983). Family supports in old age. Home Health Care Services Quarterly 3(3-4): 101-110.
Morrison, P.A. (1990). Demographic factors reshaping ties to family and place. Research on Aging 12(4): 399-408.
Murphy, M. and Grundy, E. (2003). Mothers with living children and children with living mothers: The role of fertility and mortality in the period 1911-2050. Population Trends 112: 36-44.
Murphy, M., Martikainen, P., and Pennec, S. (2006). Demographic change and the supply of potential family supporters in Britain, Finland and France in the period 1911-2050. European Journal of Population 22(3): 219-240.
OECD (2007). Trends in severe disability among elderly people: Assessing the evidence in 12 OECD countries and the future implications. Paris: OECD, OECD Health Working Papers (No. 26).
Oeppen, J. and Vaupel, J.W. (2002). Broken limits to life expectancy. Science 296(5570): 1029-1031.
Ogg, J. and Renaut, S. (2006). The support of parents in old age by those born during 1945-1954: A European perspective. Ageing & Society 26(5): 723-743.
Oksuzyan, A., Juel, K., Vaupel, J.W., and Christensen, K. (2008). Men: Good health and high mortality. Sex differences in health and aging. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 20(2): 91-102.
Olshansky, J. and Carnes, B.A. (2009). The future of human longevity. In: Uhlenberg, P. (ed.). International Handbook on Population Aging. Springer: 731-745.
Pennec, S. (1997). Four-generation families in France. Population - An English Selection 9: 75-100.
Pickard, L. (2002). The decline of intensive intergenerational care of older people in Great Britain, 1985-1995. Population Trends 110: 31-41.
Preston, S. (1976). Family sizes of children and family sizes of women. Demography 13(1): 105-114.
Puur, A., Sakkeus, L., Põldma, A., and Herm, A. (2011). Intergenerational family constellations in contemporary Europe: Evidence from the Generations and Gender Survey. Demographic Research 25(4): 135-172.
Robertson, A. (1990). The politics of Alzheimer’s disease: A case study in apocalyptic demography. International Journal of Health Services 20(3): 429-442.
Rosenthal, C.J. (2000). Ageing families: Have current changes and challenges been “oversold”? In: Gee, E.M. and Gutman, G.M. (eds.). The overselling of population aging. Apocalyptic demography, intergenerational challenges, and social policy. Toronto: Oxford University Press: 45-63.
Rosenthal, C.J., Martin-Matthews, A., and Matthews, S.H. (1996). Caught in the middle? Occupancy in multiple roles and help to parents in a national probability sample of Canadian adults. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 51B(6): S274-S283.
Rossi, A.S. and Rossi, P.H. (1990). Of human bonding. Parent-child relations across the life course. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Samir, K.C., Barakat, B., Goujon, A., Skirbekk, V., Sanderson, W., and Lutz, W. (2010). Projections of populations by level of educational attainment, age and sex for 120 countries for 2005-2050. Demographic Research 22(15): 383-472.
Sanderson, W.C. and Scherbov, S. (2010). Remeasuring aging. Science 329(5997): 1287-1288.
Sardon, J.-P. (2006). Recent demographic trends in the developed countries. Population 57(1): 111-156.
Schei, B. and Bakketeig, L.S. (eds.) (2007). Kvinner lider - menn dør [Women suffer - men die]. Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk.
Schoeni, R.F., Freedman, V.A., and Martin, L.G. (2008). Why is late-life disability declining? The Milbank Quarterly 86(1): 47-89.
Sobotka, T. (2004). Is lowest-low fertility in Europe explained by the postponement of childbearing? Population and Development Review 30(2): 195-220.
Soldo, B.J. and Hill, M.S. (1995). Family structure and transfer measures in the Health and Retirement Study. The Journal of Human Resources 30(Special issue on Health and Retirement Study: Data quality and early results): S108-S137.
Sørensen, A.-M. (2005). Family structure, gender roles and social inequality. In: Svallfors, S. (ed.). Analyzing inequality. Life chances and social mobility in comparative perspective. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press: 108-128.
Spitze, G. and Logan, J. (1991). Sibling structure and intergenerational relations. Journal of Marriage and the Family 53(4): 871-884.
Spitze, G. and Ward, R.A. (1998). Gender variations. In: Szinovacs, M.E. (ed.). Handbook on grandparenthood. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press: 113-127.
Stuifbergen, M.C., Van Delden, J.J.M., and Dykstra, P.A. (2008). The implications of today’s family structures for support giving to older parents. Ageing & Society 28(3): 413-434.
Tanturri, M.L. and Mencarini, L. (2008). Childless or childfree? Paths to voluntary childlessness in Italy. Population and Development Review 34(1): 51-77.
Tennstedt, S.L., Crawford, S.L., and McKinley, J.B. (1992). Is family care on the decline? A longitudinal investigation of the substitution of formal long-term care services for informal care. The Milbank Quarterly 71(4): 601-624.
Uhlenberg, P. (1995). Commentary: Demographic influences on intergenerational relationships. In: Bengtson, V.L., Schaie, K.W., and Burton, L.M. (eds.). Adult Intergenerational Relations. New York: Springer Publishing Company: 19-25.
Uhlenberg, P. (1993). Demographic change and kin relationships in later life. In: Maddox, G.L. and Lawton, M.P. (eds.). Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics. Focus on kinship, aging, and social change. New York: Springer.
Uhlenberg, P. (1996). Mortality decline in the twentieth century and supply of kin over the life course. The Gerontologist 36(5): 681-685.
Uhlenberg, P. and Cheuk, M. (2008). Demographic change and the future of informal caregiving. In: Szinovacs, M. and Davey, A. (eds.). Caregiving contexts. Cultural, familial and societal implications. New York: Springer Publishing Company: 9-33.
United Nations (2007a). Generations and gender programme: Concepts and guidelines. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
United Nations (2002). World Population Ageing 1950-2050. New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
United Nations (2007b). World Population Ageing 2007. New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
United Nations (2009). World population prospects: The 2008 revision. New York: United Nations.
van Gaalen, R., Dykstra, P.A., and Flap, H. (2008). Intergenerational contact beyond the dyad: The role of the sibling network. European Journal of Ageing 5(1): 19-29.
van Imhoff, E. and Post, W. (1998). Microsimulation methods for population projection. Population - An English selection 10(1): 97-138 (Special issue: New Methodological approaches in the Social Sciences).
Véron, J., Pennec, S., and Légaré, J. (2007). Introduction. In: Véron, J., Pennec, S., and Légaré, J. (eds.). Ages, generations and the social contract. The demographic challenges facing the welfare state. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer: 1-13.
Wagner, M., Schütze, Y., and Lang, F.R. (1999). Social relationships in old age. In: Baltes, P.B. and Mayer, K.U. (eds.). The Berling Aging Study. Aging from 70 to 100. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 282-301.
Watkins, S.C., Menken, J.A., and Bongaarts, J. (1987). Demographic foundations of family change. American Sociological Review 52(3): 346-358.
Wenger, G.C. (2001). Ageing without children: Rural Wales. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 16(1): 79-109.
Wenger, G.C., Dykstra, P.A., Melkas, T., and Knipscheer, K.C.P.M. (2007). Social Embeddedness and lage-life parenthood: Community activity, close ties and support networks. Journal of family issues 28(11): 1419-1456.
Wolf, D.A. (1994). The elderly and their kin: Patterns of availability and access. In: Martin, L.G. and Preston, S.H. (eds.). Demography of aging. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press: 146-194.