Volume 31 - Article 32 | Pages 975–1006  

Why the racial gap in life expectancy is declining in the United States

By Glenn Firebaugh, Francesco Acciai, Aggie Noah, Christopher J Prather, Claudia Nau

References

Andreev, E.M. (1982). Method component v analize prodoljitelnosty zjizni [Method of components in analysis of length of life]. Vestnik Statistiki 3(9): 42-47.

Download reference:

Andreev, E.M., Shkolnikov, M.V., and Begun, A.Z. (2002). Algorithm for decomposition of differences between aggregate demographic measures and its application to life expectancies, healthy life expectancies, parity-progression ratios and total fertility rates. Demographic Research 7(14): 499-522.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Arias, E. (2012). United States life tables, 2008. National Vital Statistics Report 61(3): 1-63.

Download reference:

Arriaga, E. (1984). Measuring and explaining the change in life expectancies. Demography 21(1): 83-96.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Beltran-Sanchez, Hiram, Preston, Samuel, and Canudas-Romo, Vladimir (2008). An integrated approach to cause-of-death analysis: cause-deleted life tables and decompositions of life expectancy. Demographic Research 19(35): 1323-1350.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Carey, J.R (1989). The multiple decrement life table: a unifying framework for cause-of-death analysis in ecology. Oecologia 78(1): 131-137.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Das Gupta, P. (1993). Standardization and decomposition of rates: A user's manual. Washington, D.C: U.S. Bureau of the Census (Current Population Reports).

Download reference:

Franzini, L., Ribble, J.C., and Keddie, A.M.. Understanding the Hispanic paradox. Ethnicity and Disease 11(3): 496-518.

Download reference:

Harper, S., Lynch, J., Burris, S., and Smith, G.D. (2007). TRends in the black-white life expectancy gap in the united states, 1983-2003. Journal of the American Medical Association 297(11): 1224-1232.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Harper, S., Rushani, D., and Kaufman, J. S. (2012). TRends in the black-white life expectancy gap, 2003-2008. Journal of the American Medical Association 307(21): 2257-2259.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Heron, M.P., Hoyert, D.L., Murphy, S.L., Xu, J.Q., Kochanek, K.D., and Tejada-Vera, B. (2009). Deaths: Final data for 2006. National Vital Statistics Reports 57(14): 1-136.

Download reference:

Israel, R.A., Rosenberg, H.M., and Curtin, L.R. (1986). Analytical potential for multiple cause-of-death data. American Journal of Epidemiology 124(2): 161-179.

Download reference:

Keyfitz, N. (1985). Applied Mathematical Demography. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Kitagawa, E.M. (1955). Components of a Difference Between Two Rates. Journal of the American Statistical Association 50(272): 1168-1194.

Download reference:

Kitagawa, E.M. (1964). Standardized comparisons in population research. Demography 1(1): 296-315.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Kochanek, K.D., Arias, E., and Anderson, R.N. (2013). How did cause of death contribute to racial differences in life expectancy in the United States in 2010? Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS Data Brief, No. 125 ).

Download reference:

National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) (2007). Multiple Cause of Death File 1999–2004. Washington, D.C.

Download reference:

National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) (2012). Multiple Cause of Death File 2010. Washington, D.C.

Download reference:

Nau, Claudia and Firebaugh, Glenn (2012). A New Method for Determining Why Length of Life is More Unequal in Some Populations Than in Others. Demography 49(4): 1207-1230.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Newman, Stephen C. (1987). Formulae for cause-deleted life tables. Statistics in Medicine 6(4): 527-528.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Noymer, Andrew, Penner, Andrew M., and Saperstein, Aliya (2011). Cause of Death Affects Racial Classification on Death Certificates. PLoS ONE 6(1): e15812.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Pollard, J.H. (1982). The expectation of life and its relationship to mortality. Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 109(2): 225-240.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Pressat, R. (1985). Contribution des écarts de mortalité par âge à la différence des vies moyennes. Population 40(4/-5): 766-770.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Preston, S., Heuveline, P., and Guillot, M. (2000). Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes. Oxford: Blackwell.

Download reference:

US Department of Health and Human Services (2000). Healthy People 2010 Health Objectives. Washington, D.C.

Download reference:

US Department of Health Education and Welfare (1968). United States Life Tables by Causes of Death: 1959–1961. (Life Tables: 1959–61). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Download reference:

Vaupel, J.W. and Canudas-Romo, V. (2002). Decomposing demographic change into direct vs. compositional components. Demographic Research 7(1): 1-14.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Vaupel, J.W. and Romo, V.C. (2003). Decomposing change in life expectancy: A bouquet of formulas in honor of Nathan Keyfitz’s 90th birthday. Demography 40(2): 201-216.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Warner, M., Chen, L.H., Makuc, D.M., Anderson, R.N. , and Miniño, A.M. (2011). Drug poisoning deaths in the United States, 1980–2008. NCHS Data Brief 81: 1-8.

Download reference:

Wong, Mitchell D., Shapiro, Martin F., Boscardin, W. John, and Ettner, Susan L. (2002). Contribution of Major Diseases to Disparities in Mortality. New England Journal of Medicine 347(20): 1585-1592.

Weblink:
Download reference:

World Health Organization (2008). ICD-10: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (10th Rev. 2nd ed.). Geneva, Switzerland.

Download reference:

Back to the article