Volume 35 - Article 47 | Pages 1373–1410
'Motherhood penalty' and 'fatherhood premium'? Fertility effects on parents in China
References
Aassve, A., Goisis, A., and Sironi, M. (2011). Happiness and childbearing across Europe. Social Indicator Research 108(1): 65‒86.
Angrist, J.D. and Evans, W.N. (1998). Children and their parents’ labor supply: Evidence from exogenous variation in family size. American Economic Review 88(3): 450‒477.
Angrist, J.D., Imbens, G.W., and Rubin, D.B. (1996). Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables. Journal of the American Statistical Association 91(434): 444‒455.
Arrow, K.J. (1972). Models of job discrimination. In: Pascal, A.H. (ed.). Racial discrimination in economic life. Lexington: D.C. Heath: 83‒102.
Arrow, K.J. (1973). The theory of discrimination. In: Ashenfelter, O. and Rees, A. (eds.). Discrimination in labor markets. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 3‒33.
Baranowska, A. and Matysiak, A. (2011). Does parenthood increase happiness? Evidence for Poland. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 9: 307‒325.
Becker, G.S. (1981). A treatise on the family. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Becker, G.S. (1985). Human capital, effort, and the sexual division of labor. Journal of Labor Economics 3(1): S33‒58.
Becker, G.S. (1957). The economics of discrimination. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bian, Y., Logan, J.R., and Shu, X. (2000). Wage and job inequalities in the working careers of men and women in Tianjin. In: Entwisle, B. and Henderson, G.E. (eds.). Re-drawing boundaries: Work, households, and gender in China. Berkeley: University of California Press: 111‒133.
Bianchi, S.M. (1994). Changing economic roles of men and women. In: Farley, R. (ed.). State of the union: Social trends. New York: Russell Sage: 107‒154.
Billari, F.C. and Kohler, H. (2009). Fertility and happiness in the XXI century: Institutions, preferences and their interactions. Paper presented at the XXVI IUSSP International Population Conference, Marrakesh, Morocco, September 27 to October 2, 2009.
Blank, R. (1990). Are part-time jobs bad jobs? In: Burtless, G. (ed.). A future of lousy jobs? The changing structure of U.S. wages. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution: 123‒155.
Blau, F.D. (2012). Gender, inequality, and wages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Budig, M.J. and England, P. (2001). The wage penalty for motherhood. American Sociological Review 66(2): 204‒225.
Chu, J. (2001). Prenatal sex determination and sex-selective abortion in rural central China. Population and Development Review 27(2): 259‒281.
Commission, China State Ethnic Affairs (1999). White paper of policies on China’s ethnic minorities and the practice (zhong guo de shao shu min zu zheng ce ji qi shi jian bai pi shu).
Corcoran, M.E. and Courant, P.N. (1987). Sex-role socialization and occupational segregation: An exploratory investigation. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 9(3): 330‒346.
Council, China Administration (1950). Marriage law of the People’s Republic of China. People’s Republic of China Laws and Regulations: Item 5.
Eibach, R.P. and Mock, S.E. (2011). Idealizing parenthood to rationalize parental investments. Psychological Science 22(2).
England, P. (1992). Comparable worth: Theories and evidence. Hawthorne: Aldine de Gruyter.
Filer, R. (1985). Male‒female wage differences: The importance of compensating differentials. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 38(3): 426‒437.
Glauber, R. (2007). Marriage and the motherhood wage penalty among African Americans, Hispanics, and Whites. Journal of Marriage and Family 69(4): 951‒961.
Glauber, R. (2008). Race and gender in families and at work: The fatherhood wage premium. Gender & Society 22(1): 8‒30.
Goldin, C. (1995). Career and family: College women look to the past. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research (Working paper No. 5188).
Goldscheider, F., Bernhardt, E., and Lappegård, T. (2015). The gender revolution: A framework for understanding changing family and demographic behavior. Population and Development Review 41(2): 207‒239.
Gough, M. and Noonan, M. (2013). A review of the motherhood wage penalty in the United States. Sociology Compass 7(4): 328‒342.
Greenhalgh, S. (2008). Just one child: Science and policy in Deng’s China. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Gronau, R. (1988). Sex-related wage differentials and women’s interrupted careers: The chicken or the egg. Journal of Labor Economics 6(3): 277‒301.
Gu, B., Wang, F., Guo, Z., and Zhang, E. (2007). China’s local and national fertility policies at the end of the twentieth century. Population and Development Review 33(1): 129‒147.
Guo, Z., Liu, J., and Song, J. (2002). China’s family planning policy and family structure in the future (Wo guo xian xing sheng yu zheng ce yu wei lai de jia ting jie gou). Chinese Journal of Population Science (Zhong guo ren kou ke xue) 1: 1‒11.
Hannum, E. (2005). Market transition, educational disparities, and family strategies in rural China: New evidence on gender stratification and development. Demography 42(2): 275‒299.
Harkness, S. and Waldfogel, J. (2003). The family gap in pay: Evidence from seven industrialized countries. Research in Labor Economics 22: 369‒413.
Hauser, S. and Xie, Y. (2005). Temporal and regional variation in earnings inequality: Urban China in transition between 1988 and 1995. Social Science Research 34(1): 44‒79.
Hill, M. (1979). The wage effects of marital status and children. Journal of Human Resources 14(4): 579‒594.
Hochschild, A. and Machung, A. (1989). The second shift: Working parents and the revolution at home. New York: Viking.
Hoffman, L.W. and Hoffman, M.L. (1973). The value of children to parents. In: Fawcett, J.T. (ed.). Psychological perspectives on population. New York: Basic Books: 19‒76.
Hoffman, L.W., Thornton, A., and Manis, J.D. (1978). The value of children to parents in the United States. Journal of Population 1(2): 91‒131.
Jacobsen, J., Pearce III, J.W., and Rosenbloom, J. (1999). The effects of child-bearing on married women’s labor supply and earnings: Using twin births as a natural experiment. Journal of Human Resources 34(3): 449‒474.
Joshi, H. and Newell, M. (1989). Pay differentials and parenthood: Analysis of men and women born in 1946. Coventry: University of Warwick Institute for Employment Research.
Killewald, A. (2013). A reconsideration of the fatherhood premium: Marriage, residence, biology, and the wages of fathers. American Sociological Review 78(1): 96‒116.
Killewald, A. and Gough, M. (2013). Does specialization explain marriage penalties and premiums? American Sociological Review 78(3): 477‒502.
Kohler, H., Behrman, J.R., and Skytthe, A. (2005). Partner + children = happiness? The effect of partnership and fertility on well-being. Population and Development Review 31(3): 407‒445.
Korenman, S. and Neumark, D. (1992). Marriage, motherhood, and wages. Journal of Human Resources 27(2): 233‒255.
Kravdal, Ø. (2013). Reflections on the search for fertility effects on happiness. Oslo: Department of Economics, University of Oslo (working paper 10/2013).
Lavely, W., Xiao, Z., Li, B., and Freedman, R. (1990). The rise in female education in China: National and regional patterns. The China Quarterly 121: 61‒93.
Loh, E.S. (1996). Productivity differences and the marriage premium for white males. Journal of Human Resources 31(3): 566‒589.
Lundberg, S. and Rose, E. (2000). Parenthood and the earnings of married men and women. Labor Economics 7(6): 689‒710.
Margolis, R. and Myrskylä, M. (2011). A global perspective on happiness and fertility. Population and Development Review 37(1): 29–56.
Maurer-Fazio, M., Rawski, T.G., and Zhang, W. (1999). Inequality in the rewards for holding up half the sky: Gender wage gaps in China’s urban labour market, 1988‒1994. The China Journal 41: 55‒88.
Meisner, M. (1999). Mao’s China and after: A history of the People’s Republic. New York: Free Press.
Meng, X. (1993). Determination and discrimination: Female wages in China’s rural TVP industries. Economics Division Working Papers 93/1: 20‒22.
Miller, A.R. (2011). The effects of motherhood timing on career path. Journal of Population Economics 24(3): 1071–1100.
Nelson, S.K., Kushlev, K., English, T., Dunn, E.W., and Lyubomirsky, S. (2013). In defense of parenthood: Children are associated with more joy than misery. Psychological Science 24(1): 3‒10.
Neumark, D. and Korenman, S. (1994). Sources of bias in women’s wage equations: Results using sibling data. Journal of Human Resources 29(2): 379‒405.
Noonan, M. (2001). The impact of domestic work on men’s and women’s wages. Journal of Marriage and Family 63(4): 1134‒1145.
Noonan, M. and Corcoran, M. (2004). The mommy track and partnership: Temporary delay or dead end? Annals of the American Academy of Sociology and Political Science 596(1): 130‒150.
Oppenheimer, V.K. (1997). Women’s employment and the gain to marriage: The specialization and trading model. Annual Review of Sociology 23: 431‒453.
Parish, W. (1981). Egalitarianism in Chinese society. Problems of Communism 29: 37‒53.
Parish, W.L. and Busse, S. (1998). Gender and work. In: Tang, W. and Parish, W.L. (eds.). Market transition in urban China: The changing social contract. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 14.
Peng, P. (1997). China family planning encyclopedia (Zhong Guo Ji Hua Sheng Yu Quan Shu). Beijing: China Population Press (Zhong Guo Ren Kou Chu Ban She).
Phelps, E.S. (1972). The statistical theory of racism and sexism. American Economic Review 62: 659‒661.
Polachek, S. (1985). Occupational segregation: A defense of human capital predictions, and Reply to England. Journal of Human Resources 20(3): 437‒440, 444.
Schultz, P.T. (1981). Economics of population. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
Smock, P.J., Manning, W.D., and Gupta, S. (1999). The effect of marriage and divorce on women’s economic well-being. American Sociological Review 64(6): 794‒812.
Song, L. (2009). The effect of the Cultural Revolution on educational homogamy in urban China. Social Forces 88(1): 257‒270.
Thornton, A. and Lin, H-S. (1994). Social change and the family in Taiwan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Treiman, D.J. (2013). Trends in educational attainment in China. Chinese Sociological Review 45(3): 3‒25.
Waite, L.J. and Gallagher, M. (2000). The case for marriage: Why married people are happier, healthier, and better off financially. New York: Broadway Books.
Waldfogel, J. (1997). The effects of children on women’s wages. American Sociological Review 62(2): 209‒217.
Waldfogel, J. (1998). The family gap for young women in the United States and Britain: Can maternity leave make a difference? Journal of Labor Economics 16(3): 505‒545.
Waldfogel, J. (1998). Understanding the ‘family gap’ in pay for women with children. Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(1): 137‒156.
Wang, W., Jing, H., and Zhang, P. (2013). Has China’s family planning policy lowered individuals’ level of happiness? (“Ji hua sheng yu zheng ce jiang di le ju min de xing fu gan ma?”). Population Research (“Ren kou yan jiu”) 37: 102‒112.
White, M.P. and Dolan, P. (2009). Accounting for the richness of daily activities. Psychological Science 20(8): 1000‒1008.
Whyte, M.K. (2003). China’s revolutions and intergenerational relations. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.
Whyte, M.K. (2010). Myth of the social volcano: Perceptions of inequality and distributive injustice in contemporary China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Whyte, M.K. and Parish, M.L. (1984). Urban life in contemporary China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wolf, M. (1984). Marriage, family, and the state in contemporary China. Pacific Affairs 57(2): 213‒236.
Wu, X. and Song, X. (2010). Gender inequality in education and employment: China’s urban labor markets in transition, 1982‒2005. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Dallas, TX, April 15 to 17, 2010.
Wu, X. and Zhang, Z. (2010). Changes in educational inequality in China, 1990‒2005: Evidence from the population census data. Research in Sociology of Education 17: 123‒152.
Xie, Y. (2011). Evidence-based research on China: A historical imperative. Chinese Sociological Review 44(1): 14‒25.
Xie, Y. (2013). Gender and family in contemporary China. Ann Arbor, MI: Population Studies Center, University of Michigan (Research report no. 13‒808).
Xie, Y. and Hannum, E. (1996). Regional variation in earnings inequality in reform-era urban China. American Journal of Sociology 101(4): 950‒992.
Xie, Y., Zhang, X., Li, J., Yu, X., and Ren, Q. (2013). Wellbeing development report of China 2013 (Zhong guo min sheng fa zhan bao gao 2013). Beijing: Peking University Press.
Xu, X., Ji, J., and Tung, Y-Y. (2000). Social and political assortative mating in urban China. Journal of Family Issues 21(1): 47‒77.
Yu, J. and Xie, Y. (2013). Social change and trends in determinants of entry to first marriage (She hui bian qian yu chu hun ying xiang yin su de bian hua). Sociological Research (She Hui Xue Yan Jiu) .
Yu, J. and Xie, Y. (2011). The varying display of ‘gender display’: A comparative study of mainland China and Taiwan. Chinese Sociological Review 44(2): 5‒30.
Zhai, Z., Zhang, X., and Jin, Y. (2014). Demographic consequences of an immediate transition to a universal two-child policy (Li ji quan mian fang kai er tai zheng ce de ren kou xue hou guo fen xi). Population Research (Ren kou yan jiu) 2: 3‒17.
Zhang, Y., Hannum, E., and Wang, M. (2008). Gender-based employment and income differences in urban China: Considering the contributions of marriage and parenthood. Social Forces 86(4): 1529‒1560.
Zuo, J. and Bian, Y. (2001). Gendered resources, division of housework, and perceived fairness: A case in urban China. Journal of Marriage and Family 63: 1122‒1133.