Volume 50 - Article 2 | Pages 41–100
How do environmental stressors influence migration? A meta-regression analysis of environmental migration literature
References
Abel, G.J., Brottrager, M., Cuaresma, J.C., and Muttarak, R. (2019). Climate, conflict and forced migration. Global Environmental Change 54: 239–249.
Abu, M., Codjoe, S.N.A., and Sward, J. (2014). Climate change and internal migration intentions in the forest–savannah transition zone of Ghana. Population and Environment 35(4): 341–364.
Adoho, F. and Wodon, Q. (2014). Do changes in weather patterns and the environment lead to migration? In: Wodon, Q., Liverani, A., Joseph, G., and Bougnoux, N. (eds.). Climate change and migration: Evidence from the Middle East and North Africa. Washington, D.C: The World Bank: 145–162.
Afifi, T. and Warner, K. (2008). The impact of environmental degradadation on migration flows accross countries. Tokyo: United Nations University.
Alem, Y., Maurel, M., and Millock, K. (2016). Migration as an adaptation strategy to weather variability: An instrumental variables probit analysis. Gothenburg: Environmental for Development.
Alexeev, A., Good, D.H., and Reuveny, R. (2011). Weather-related disasters and international migration. Bloomington: Indiana University.
Auffhammer, M. and Vincent, J.R. (2012). Unobserved time effects confound the identification of climate change impacts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109(30): 11973–11974.
Backhaus, A., Martinez–Zarzoso, I., and Muris, C. (2015). Do climate variations explain bilateral migration? A gravity model analysis. IZA Journal of Migration 4(1): 1–15.
Bakar, K.S. and Jin, H. (2018). Spatio-temporal quantitative links between climatic extremes and population flows: A case study in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. Climatic Change 148(1–2): 139–153.
Barassi, M.R., Ercolani, M.G., Herrerias, M.J., and Jin, Z. (2018). Climate anomalies and migration between Chinese provinces: 1987–2015. The Energy Journal 39(S1): 123–144.
Bazzi, S. (2017). Wealth heterogeneity and the income elasticity of migration. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 9(2): 219–255.
Beine, M. and Jeusette, L. (2019). A meta-analysis of the literature on climate change and migration. Bonn: IZA.
Beine, M. and Parsons, C. (2015). Climatic factors as determinants of international migration. Scandinavian Journal of Economics 117(2): 723–767.
Beine, M. and Parsons, C.R. (2017). Climatic factors as determinants of international migration: Redux. CESifo Economic Studies 63(4): 386–402.
Berlemann, M. and Steinhardt, M.F. (2017). Climate change, natural disasters, and migration-a survey of the empirical evidence. CESifo Economic Studies 63(4): 353–385.
Berlin, J.A. and Golub, R.M. (2014). Meta-analysis as Evidence: Building a better pyramid. Journal of the American Medical Association 312(6): 603–605.
Bernzen, A., Jenkins, J.C., and Braun, B. (2019). Climate change-induced migration in coastal Bangladesh? A critical assessment of migration drivers in rural households under economic and environmental stress. Geosciences 9(1): 51.
Bettin, G. and Nicolli, F. (2012). Does climate change foster emigration from less developed countries? Evidence from bilateral data. Ferrara: University of Ferrara.
Bhattacharya, H. and Innes, R. (2008). An empirical exploration of the population-environment nexus in India. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 90(4): 883–901.
Bilsborrow, R.E. (1992). Rural poverty, migration, and the environment in developing countries: Three case studies. Washington, D.C: The World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 1017.
Black, R., Adger, W.N., Arnell, N.W., Dercon, S., Geddes, A., and Thomas, D. (2011). The effect of environmental change on human migration. Global Environmental Change 21: 3–11.
Black, R., Stephen, R., Bennett, G., Thomas, S.M., and Beddington, J.R. (2011). Migration as adaptation. Nature 478: 447–449.
Bohra-Mishra, P., Oppenheimer, M., Cai, R., Feng, S., and Licker, R. (2017). Climate variability and migration in the Philippines. Population and Environment 38(3): 286–308.
Bohra-Mishra, P., Oppenheimer, M., and Hsiang, S.M. (2014). Nonlinear permanent migration response to climatic variations but minimal response to disasters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(27): 9780–9785.
Borderon, M., Sakdapolrak, P., Muttarak, R., Kebede, E., Pagogna, R., and Sporer, E. (2019). Migration influenced by environmental change in Africa: A systematic review of empirical evidence. Demographic Research 41(18): 491–544.
Bosetti, V., Cattaneo, C., and Peri, G. (2021). Should they stay or should they go? Climate migrants and local conflicts. Journal of Economic Geography 21(4): 619–651.
Bylander, M. (2016). Cambodian migration to Thailand: The role of environmental shocks and stress. Washington, D.C: KNOMAD, KNOMAD Working Paper 7.
Cai, R., Feng, S., Oppenheimer, M., and Pytlikova, M. (2016). Climate variability and international migration: The importance of the agricultural linkage. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 79: 135–151.
Call, M.A., Gray, C.L., Yunus, M., and Emch, M. (2017). Disruption, not displacement: environmental variability and temporary migration in Bangladesh. Global Environmental Change 46: 157–165.
Cameron, A.C. and Miller, D.L. (2015). A practitioner’s guide to cluster-robust inference. The Journal of Human Resources 50(2): 317–372.
Campos, R.S., Bell, M., and Charles-Edwards, E. (2017). Collecting and analysing data on climate-related local mobility: The MISTIC Toolkit. Population, Space and Place 23: 2037.
Carvajal, L. and Pereira, I.M. (2012). Climate shocks and human mobility: Evidence from Nicaragua. Rochester: The Social Science Research Network.
Castañer, A.M.A. and Nieto, U.S. (2017). Climate change and migration in the rural sector of northern Mexico (Zacatecas and San Luis Potosí. Migration Letters 14(3): 384–396.
Cattaneo, C. and Massetti, E. (2015). Migration and climate change in rural Africa. Munich: CESifo, CESifo Working Paper 5224.
Cattaneo, C. and Peri, G. (2016). The migration response to increasing temperatures. Journal of Development Economics 122: 127–146.
Cazachevici, A., Havranek, T., and Horvath, R. (2020). Remittances and economic growth: A meta-analysis. World Development 134: 105021.
Cheah, B.C. (2009). Clustering standard errors or modeling multilevel data? New York: Columbia University.
Chen, J. and Mueller, V. (2018). Coastal climate change, soil salinity and human migration in Bangladesh. Nature Climate Change 8(11): 981–987.
Chi, G. and Voss, P.R. (2005). Migration decision-making: A hierarchical regression approach. Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy 35(2): 11–22.
Chort, I. and Maëlys, D.L.R. (2017). Managing the impact of climate change on migration: Evidence from Mexico. Bonn: IZA, IZP Discussion Paper 12227.
Chort, I. and Rupelle, M. (2016). Determinants of Mexico–U.S. outward and return migration flows: A state-level panel data analysis. Demography 53(5): 1453–1476.
Codjoe, S.N.A., Nyamedor, F.H., Sward, J., and Dovie, D.B. (2017). Environmental hazard and migration intentions in a coastal area in Ghana: A case of sea flooding. Population and Environment 39(2): 128–146.
Collier, P. and Hoeffler, A. (2011). Quantitative analysis of determinants of international migration. London: UK Government Office for Science.
Coniglio, N.D. and Pesce, G. (2015). Climate variability and international migration: An empirical analysis. Environment and Development Economics 20(4): 434–468.
Curran, S.R. and Meijer-Irons, J. (2014). Climate variability, land ownership and migration: Evidence from Thailand about gender impacts. Washington Journal of Environmental Law and Policy 4(1): 37–74.
Curran, S.R. and Meijer–Irons, J. (2014). Climate variability, land ownership and migration: Evidence from Thailand about gender impacts. Washington Journal of Environmental Law and Policy 4(1): 37–74.
Dallmann, I. and Millock, K. (2017). Climate variability and inter-state migration in India. CESifo Economic Studies 63(4): 560–594.
Deheza, E. and Mora, J. (2011). Climate change, migration and security: Best-practice policy and operational options for Mexico. London: Royal United Services Institute , Whitehall Report 1–13.
Dillon, A., Mueller, V., and Salau, S. (2011). Migratory responses to agricultural risk in northern Nigeria. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 93(4): 1048–1061.
Doevenspeck, M. (2011). The thin line between choice and flight: Environment and migration in rural Benin. International Migration 49(S1): 50–68.
Drabo, A. and Mbaye, L.M. (2015). Natural disasters, migration and education: An empirical analysis in developing countries. Environment and Development Economics 20(6): 767–796.
Dreher, T. and Voyer, M. (2015). Climate refugees or migrants? Contesting media frames on climate justice in the Pacific. Environmental Communication 9(1): 58–76.
Duda, I., Fasse, A., and Grote, U. (2018). Drivers of rural–urban migration and impact on food security in rural Tanzania. Food Security 10(4): 785–798.
Easterbrook, P.J., Gopalan, R., Berlin, J.A., and Matthews, D.R. (1991). Publication bias in clinical research. The Lancet 337(8746): 867–872.
Egger, M., Smith, G.D., Schneider, M., and Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 315(7129): 629–634.
Entwisle, B., Williams, N., and Verdery, A. (2020). Climate change and migration: New insights from a dynamic model of out-migration and return migration. American Journal of Sociology 125(6): 1469–1512.
Feng, S., Krueger, A.B., and Oppenheimer, M. (2010). Linkages among climate change, crop yields and Mexico–US cross-border migration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107(32): 14257–14262.
Feng, S., Oppenheimer, M., and Schlenker, W. (2012). Climate change, crop yields, and internal migration in the United States. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER working paper 17734.
Feng, S., Oppenheimer, M., and Schlenker, W. (2015). Weather anomalies, crop yields, and migration in the US Corn Belt. New York: Columbia University.
Findlay, A.M. (2011). Migrant destinations in an era of environmental change. Global Environmental Change 21: 50–58.
Findley, S.E. (1994). Does drought increase migration? A study of migration from rural Mali during the 1983–1985 drought. International Migration Review 28(3): 539–553.
Fritz, C.O., Morris, P.E., and Richler, J.J. (2012). Effect size estimates: Current use, calculations, and interpretation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 141(1): 2–18.
Fussell, E., Hunter, L.M., and Gray, C.L. (2014). Measuring the environmental dimensions of human migration: The demographer’s toolkit. Global Environmental Change 28(1): 182–191.
Geest, K. (2011). North–South migration in Ghana: What role for the environment? International Migration 49: 69–94.
Gemenne, F. (2011). Why the numbers don’t add up: A review of estimates and predictions of people displaced by environmental changes. Global Environmental Change 21: 41–49.
Gheasi, M., Ishikawa, N., Kourtit, K., and Nijkamp, P. (2019). A meta-analysis of human health differences in urban and rural environments. Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences 12(3): 167–186.
Ghimire, R., Ferreira, S., and Dorfman, J.H. (2015). Flood-induced displacement and civil conflict. World Development 66: 614–628.
Goldbach, C. (2017). Out-migration from coastal areas in Ghana and Indonesia: The role of environmental factors. CESifo Economic Studies 63(4): 529–559.
Graif, C. (2016). Un)natural disaster: Vulnerability, long-distance displacement, and the extended geography of neighborhood distress and attainment after Katrina. Population and Environment 37(3): 288–318.
Gray, C.L. (2009). Environment, land, and rural out–migration in the southern Ecuadorian Andes. World Development 37(2): 457–468.
Gray, C.L. (2010). Gender, natural capital, and migration in the southern Ecuadorian Andes. Environment and Planning A 42(3): 678–696.
Gray, C.L. (2011). Soil quality and human migration in Kenya and Uganda. Global Environmental Change 21(2): 421–430.
Gray, C.L. and Bilsborrow, R. (2013). Environmental influences on human migration in rural Ecuador. Demography 50(4): 1217–1241.
Gray, C.L. and Mueller, V. (2012). Drought and population mobility in rural Ethiopia. World Development 40(1): 134–145.
Gray, C.L. and Mueller, V. (2012). Natural disasters and population mobility in Bangladesh. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(16): 6000–6005.
Groen, J.A. and Polivka, A.E. (2010). Going home after Hurricane Katrina: Determinants of return migration and changes in affected areas. Demography 47(4): 821–844.
Gröschl, J. (ed.) (2012). Climate change and the relocation of population. Kiel/Hamburg: ZBW (ZBW Conference Paper D03–V1).
Gröschl, J. and Steinwachs, T. (2017). Do natural hazards cause international migration? CESifo Economic Studies 63(4): 445–480.
Gurevitch, J., Koricheva, J., Nakagawa, S., and Stewart, G. (2018). Meta-analysis and the science of research synthesis. Nature 555(7695): 175–182.
Gutmann, M.P., Deane, G.D., Lauster, N., and Peri, A. (2005). Two population-environment regimes in the Great Plains of the United States, 1930–1990. Population and Environment 27(2): 191–225.
Gutmann, M.P., Deane, G.D., Lauster, N., and Peri, A. (2005). Two population–environment regimes in the Great Plains of the United States, 1930–1990. Population and Environment 27(2): 191–225.
Halliday, T. (2006). Migration, risk, and liquidity constraints in El Salvador. Economic Development and Cultural Change 54(4): 893–925.
Hauer, M.E., Evans, J.M., and Mishra, D.R. (2016). Millions projected to be at risk from sea-level rise in the Continental United States. Nature Climate Change 6: 691–695.
Havranek, T., Horvath, R., and Zeynalov, A. (2016). Natural resources and economic growth: A meta-analysis. World Development 88: 134–151.
Henry, S., Boyle, P., and Lambin, E.F. (2003). Modelling inter-provincial migration in Burkina Faso, West Africa: The role of socio-demographic and environmental factors. Applied Geography 23(2–3): 115–136.
Henry, S., Piché, V., Ouédraogo, D., and Lambin, E.F. (2004). Descriptive analysis of the individual migratory pathways according to environmental typologies. Population and Environment 25(5): 397–422.
Henry, S., Schoumaker, B., and Beauchemin, C. (2004). The impact of rainfall on the first out–migration: A multi-level event–history analysis in Burkina Faso. Population and Environment 25(5): 423–460.
Hirvonen, K. (2016). Temperature changes, household consumption, and internal migration: Evidence from Tanzania. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 98(4): 1230–1249.
Hoffmann, R., Dimitrova, A., Muttarak, R., Cuaresma, J.C., and Peisker, J. (2020). A meta-analysis of country-level studies on environmental change and migration. Nature Climate Change 10: 904–912.
Hoffmann, R., Šedová, B., and Vinke, K. (2021). Improving the evidence base: A methodological review of the quantitative climate migration literature. Global Environmental Change 71: 102367.
Hoffmann, R., Wiederkehr, C., Dimitrova, A., and Hermans, K. (2022). Agricultural livelihoods, adaptation, and environmental migration in sub-Saharan drylands: A meta-analytical review. Environmental Research Letters 17: 083003.
Hugo, G. (2011). Future demographic change and its interactions with migration and climate change. Global Environmental Change 21: 21–33.
Hunter, L.M., Leyk, S., Maclaurin, G.J., Nawrotzki, R., Twine, W., Erasmus, B.F.N., and Collinson, M. (2017). Variation by geographic scale in the migration–environment association: Evidence from rural South Africa. Comparative Population Studies 42: 117–148.
Hunter, L.M., Luna, J.K., and Norton, R.M. (2015). Environmental dimensions of migration. Annual Review of Sociology 41(2015): 377–397.
Hunter, L.M., Murray, S., and Riosmena, F. (2013). Rainfall patterns and U.S. migration from rural Mexico. International Migration Review 47(4): 874–909.
Hunter, L.M. and Simon, D.H. (2023). Time to mainstream the environment into migration theory? International Migration Review 57(1): 5–35.
Imbens, G.W. (2021). Statistical significance, p-values, and the reporting of uncertainty. Journal of Economic Perspectives 35(3): 157–174.
IPCC (2021). Climate change 2021: The physical science basis. Geneva: IPCC.
Iqbal, K. and Roy, P.K. (2015). Climate change, agriculture and migration: Evidence from Bangladesh. Climate Change Economics 6(2): 1–31.
Jennings, J.A. and Gray, C.L. (2015). Climate variability and human migration in the Netherlands, 1865–1937. Population and Environment 36(3): 255–278.
Jessoe, K., Manning, D.T., and Taylor, J.E. (2018). Climate change and labour allocation in rural Mexico: Evidence from annual fluctuations in weather. Economic Journal 128(608): 230–261.
Joarder, M.A.M. and Miller, P.W. (2013). Factors affecting whether environmental migration is temporary or permanent: Evidence from Bangladesh. Global Environmental Change 23(6): 1511–1524.
Johnson, K.M., Voss, P.R., Hammer, R.B., Fuguitt, G.V., and McNiven, S. (2005). Temporal and spatial variation in age-specific net migration in the United States. Demography 42(4): 791–812.
Joseph, G. and Wodon, Q. (2013). Is internal migration in yemen driven by climate or socio-economic factors? Review of International Economics 21(2): 295–310.
Joseph, G., Wodon, Q., Liverani, A., and Blankespoor, B. (2014). Is climate change likely to lead to higher net internal migration? The Republic of Yemen’s case. In: Wodon, Q., Liverani, A., Joseph, G., and Bougnoux, N. (eds.). Climate change and migration: Evidence from the Middle East and North Africa. Washington, D.C: The World Bank: 191–204.
Kaczan, D.J. and Orgill-Meyer, J. (2020). The impact of climate change on migration: A synthesis of recent empirical insights. Climatic Change 158: 281–300.
Kaenzig, R. and Piguet, E. (2021). Toward a typology of displacements in the context of slow-onset environmental degradation: An analysis of hazards, policies, and mobility patterns. Sustainability 13: 10235.
Khamis, M. and Li, X. (2020). Environment matters: New evidence from Mexican migration. Applied Economics Letters 27(3): 168–173.
Kleemans, M. (2014). Migration choice under risk and liquidity constraints. Berkeley: University of California.
Kleemans, M. and Magruder, J. (2018). Labour market responses to immigration: Evidence from internal migration driven by weather shocks. Economic Journal 128(613): 2032–2065.
Kniveton, D., Schmidt-Verkerk, K., Smith, C., and Black, R. (2008). Climate change and migration: Improving methodologies to estimate flows. Geneva: International Organization for Migration, IOM Migration Research Series Report 33.
Koubi, V., Spilker, G., Schaffer, L., and Böhmelt, T. (2016). The role of environmental perceptions in migration decision-making: Evidence from both migrants and non–migrants in five developing countries. Population and Environment 38(2): 134–163.
Koubi, V., Spilker, G., Schaffer, L.M., and Bernauer, T. (2012). Environmental degradation and migration. Rochester: The Social Science Research Network.
Kubik, Z. and Maurel, M. (2016). Weather shocks, agricultural production and migration: Evidence from Tanzania. Journal of Development Studies 52(5): 665–680.
Leyk, S., Maclaurin, G.J., Hunter, L.M., Nawrotzki, R., Twine, W., Collinson, M., and Erasmus, B. (2012). Spatially and temporally varying associations between temporary outmigration and natural resource availability in resource-dependent rural communities in South Africa: A modeling framework. Applied Geography 34: 559–568.
Loannidis, J.P.A. (1998). Effect of the statistical significance of results on the time to completion and publication of randomized efficacy trials. Journal of the American Medical Association 279(4): 281–286.
Loebach, P. (2016). Household migration as a livelihood adaptation in response to a natural disaster: Nicaragua and Hurricane Mitch. Population and Environment 38(2): 185–206.
Logan, J.R., Issar, S., and Xu, Z. (2016). Trapped in place? Segmented resilience to hurricanes in the Gulf Coast, 1970–2005. Demography 53(5): 1511–1534.
Lonergan, S. (1998). The role of environmental degradation in population displacement. Environmental Change and Security Project Report 4(6): 5–15.
Mahajan, P. and Yang, D. (2020). Taken by storm: Hurricanes, migrant networks, and US immigration. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 12(2): 250–277.
Marchiori, L., Maystadt, J.F., and Schumacher, I. (2017). Is environmentally induced income variability a driver of human migration? Migration and Development 6(1): 33–59.
Marchiori, L., Maystadt, J.F., and Schumacher, I. (2013). Is environmentally-induced income variability a driver of migration? A macroeconomic perspective. Paris: IPAG, IPAG Working Paper; 2017–010.
Marchiori, L., Maystadt, J.F., and Schumacher, I. (2012). The impact of weather anomalies on migration in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 63(3): 355–374.
Marín-Martínez, F. and Sánchez-Meca, J. (2010). Weighting by inverse variance or by sample size in random-effects meta-analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement 70(1): 56–73.
Massey, D.S., Axinn, W.G., and Ghimire, D.J. (2010). Environmental change and out-migration: Evidence from Nepal. Population and Environment 32(2): 109–136.
Mastrorillo, M., Licker, R., Bohra–Mishra, P., Fagiolo, G., Estes, L.D., and Oppenheimer, M. (2016). The influence of climate variability on internal migration flows in South Africa. Global Environmental Change 39: 155–169.
Matera, C.E. (2014). Climate-induced migration: A cross-national investigation of the effects of climate change on international migration. Raleigh: North Carolina State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology.
Matthews, R.A.J. (2019). Moving Towards the post p < 0.05 era via the analysis of credibility. American Statistician 73(S1): 202–212.
Maurel, M. and Tuccio, M. (2016). Climate instability, urbanisation and international migration. Journal of Development Studies 52(5): 735–752.
Maystadt, J.F., Mueller, V., and Sebastian, A. (2016). Environmental migration and labor markets in Nepal. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists 3(2): 417–452.
Miller, J.T. and Vu, A.T. (2021). Emerging research methods in environmental displacement and forced migration research. Geography Compass 15: 12558.
Missirian, A. and Schlenker, W. (2017). Asylum applications respond to temperature fluctuations. Science 358(6370): 1610–1614.
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., and Altman, D.G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA Statement. BMJ 339(7716): 332–336.
Mueller, V., Gray, C.L., and Kosec, K. (2014). Heat stress increases long-term human migration in rural Pakistan. Nature Climate Change 4(3): 182–185.
Naudé, W. (2008). Conflict, disasters and no jobs: Reasons for international migration from sub–Saharan Africa. Tokyo: United Nations University, WIDER Research Paper 85.
Naudé, W. (2009). Natural disasters and international migration from sub-Saharan Africa. Migration Letters 6(2): 165–176.
Naudé, W. (2010). The determinants of migration from sub-Saharan African countries. Journal of African Economies 19(3): 330–356.
Nawrotzki, R.J. and Bakhtsiyarava, M. (2017). International climate migration: evidence for the climate inhibitor mechanism and the agricultural pathway. Population, Space and Place 23(4): 2033.
Nawrotzki, R.J. and DeWaard, J. (2016). Climate shocks and the timing of migration from Mexico. Population and Environment 38(1): 72–100.
Nawrotzki, R.J. and DeWaard, J. (2018). Putting trapped populations into place: Climate change and inter–district migration flows in Zambia. Regional Environmental Change 18(2): 533–546.
Nawrotzki, R.J., DeWaard, J., Bakhtsiyarava, M., and Ha, J.T. (2017). Climate shocks and rural–urban migration in Mexico: Exploring nonlinearities and thresholds. Climatic Change 140(2): 243–258.
Nawrotzki, R.J., Hunter, L.M., Runfola, D.M., and Riosmena, F. (2015). Climate change as a migration driver from rural and urban Mexico. Environmental Research Letters 10(11): 114023.
Nawrotzki, R.J., Riosmena, F., and Hunter, L.M. (2013). Do rainfall deficits predict U.S.-bound migration from rural Mexico? Evidence from the Mexican Census. Population Research and Policy Review 32(1): 129–158.
Nawrotzki, R.J., Riosmena, F., Hunter, L.M., and Runfola, D.M. (2015). Amplification or suppression: Social networks and the climate change-migration association in rural Mexico. Global Environmental Change 35: 463–474.
Nawrotzki, R.J., Riosmena, F., Hunter, L.M., and Runfola, D.M. (2015). Undocumented migration in response to climate change. International Journal of Population Studies 1(1): 60–74.
Nawrotzki, R.J., Runfola, D.M., Hunter, L.M., and Riosmena, F. (2016). Domestic and international climate migration from rural Mexico. Human Ecology 44(6): 687–699.
Nawrotzki, R.J., Schlak, A.M., and Kugler, T.A. (2016). Climate, migration, and the local food security context: Introducing Terra Populus. Population and Environment 38(2): 164–184.
Neumann, K. and Hermans, F. (2017). What drives human migration in Sahelian countries? A Meta-analysis. Population, Space and Place 23(1): 1962.
Neumayer, E. (2005). Bogus refugees? The determinants of asylum migration to Western Europe. International Studies Quarterly 49(3): 389–410.
Nguyen, M.C. and Q, Wodon (2014). Extreme weather events and migration: The case of Morocco. In: Wodon, Q., Liverani, A., Joseph, G., and Bougnoux, N. (eds.). Climate change and migration: Evidence from the Middle East and North Africa. Washington, D.C: The World Bank: 205–219.
Niva, V., Kallio, M., Muttarak, R., Taka, M., Varis, O., and Kummu, M. (2021). Global migration is driven by the complex interplay between environmental and social factors. Environmental Research Letters 16: 114019.
Obokata, R., Veronis, L., and McLeman, R. (2014). Empirical research on international environmental migration: A systematic review. Population and Environment 36(1): 111–135.
Ocello, C., Petrucci, A., Testa, M.R., and Vignoli, D. (2015). Environmental aspects of internal migration in Tanzania. Population and Environment 37(1): 99–108.
Oczkowski, E. and Doucouliagos, H. (2014). Wine prices and quality ratings: A meta-regression analysis. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 97(1): 103–121.
Ogundari, K. and Bolarinwa, O.D. (2019). Does adoption of agricultural innovations impact farm production and household welfare in sub-Saharan Africa? A meta-analysis. Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 48(1): 142–169.
Palmer, T.M., Peters, J.L., Sutton, A.J., and Moreno, S.G. (2008). Contour-enhanced funnel plots for meta-analysis. The Stata Journal 8(2): 242–254.
Peri, G. and Sasahara, A. (2019). The impact of global warming on rural–urban migrations: Evidence from global big data. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER working paper 25728.
Piguet, E. (2010). Linking climate change, environmental degradation, and migration: A methodological overview. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 1: 517–524.
Piguet, E., Kaenzig, R., and Guélat, J. (2018). The uneven geography of research on ‘environmental migration. Population and Environment 39(4): 357–383.
Poston, D.L., Zhang, L., Gotcher, D.J., and Gu, Y. (2009). The effect of climate on migration: United States, 1995–2000. Social Science Research 38(3): 743–753.
Puente, G.B., Perez, F., and Gitter, R.J. (2016). The effect of rainfall on migration from Mexico to the United States. International Migration Review 50(4): 890–909.
Reuveny, R. and Moore, W.H. (2009). Does environmental degradation influence migration? Emigration to developed countries in the late 1980s and 1990s. Social Science Quarterly 90(3): 461–479.
Ringquist, E.J. (2015). Meta-analysis for public management and policy. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Riosmena, F., Nawrotzki, R., and Hunter, L. (2018). Climate migration at the height and end of the Great Mexican emigration era. Population and Development Review 44(3): 455–488.
Riosmena, F., Nawrotzki, R., and Hunter, L.M. (2013). Rainfall trends, variability and U.S. migration from rural Mexico: Evidence from the 2010 Mexican Census. Boulder: University of Colorado Boulder, IBS Working Paper; POP2013–02.
Robalino, J., Jimenez, J., and Chacón, A. (2015). The effect of hydro-meteorological emergencies on internal migration. World Development 67: 438–448.
Rothstein, H.R., Sutton, A.J., and Borenstein, M. (2005). Publication bias in meta-analysis. In: Rothstein, H.R., Sutton, A. J., and Borenstein, M. (eds.). Publication bias in meta-analysis: Prevention, assessment and adjustments. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
Rowlands, D. (2004). The effects of poverty, environmental degradation, and gender conditions on South-to-North migration. Canadian Journal of Development Studies 25(4): 555–572.
Ruiz, V. (2017). Do climatic events influence internal migration? Evidence from Mexico. Paris: FAERE, FAERE Working Paper.
Ruyssen, I. and Rayp, G. (2014). Determinants of intraregional migration in sub-Saharan Africa 1980–2000. Journal of Development Studies 50(3): 426–443.
Saldaña-Zorrilla, S.O. and Sandberg, K. (2009). Impact of climate-related disasters on human migration in Mexico: A spatial model. Climatic Change 96(1): 97–118.
Saldaña–Zorrilla, S.O. and Sandberg, K. (2009). Impact of climate-related disasters on human migration in Mexico: A spatial model. Climatic Change 96(1): 97–118.
Schultz, J. and Elliott, J.R. (2013). Natural disasters and local demographic change in the United States. Population and Environment 34(3): 293–312.
Šedová, B., Čizmaziová, L., and Cook, A. (2021). A meta-analysis of climate migration literature. Potsdam: Center for Economic Policy Analysis, CEPA Discussion Paper: 29.
Sedova, B. and Kalkuhl, M. (2020). Who are the climate migrants and where do they go? Evidence from rural India. World Development 129: 104848.
Sherbinin, A., Grace, K., McDermid, S., Geest, K., Puma, M.J., and Bell, A. (2022). Migration theory in climate mobility research. Frontiers in Climate 4: 882343.
Shiva, M. and Molana, H. (2018). Climate change induced inter-province migration in Iran. Aberdeen: University of Aberdeen Business School Discussion Paper, University of Aberdeen Business School Discussion Paper 18–2.
Shrestha, S.S. and Bhandari, P. (2007). Environmental security and labor migration in Nepal. Population and Environment 29(1): 25–38.
Siegfried, T. (2010). Odds are, it’s wrong: Science fails to face the shortcomings of statistics. Science News 177(7): 26–29.
Simon, D.H. (2014). Socioeconomic inequality, climate strain, and international migration from rural Mexico. Madison: University of Wisconsin–Madison, Department of Sociology.
Smith, C.D. (2012). Assessing the impact of climate change upon migration in Burkina Faso: An agent-based modelling approach. Falmer: University of Sussex, Department of Geography.
Smith, E.R. and Conrey, F.R. (2007). Agent-based modeling: A new approach for theory building in social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review 11: 87–104.
Smith, M.S., Bastin, G., and Chewings, V. (2011). Environmental and non-environmental drivers of migration from global drylands. London: UK Government Office for Science.
Smith, S.K. and McCarty, C. (2009). Fleeing the storm(s): An examination of evacuation behavior during Florida’s 2004 hurricane season. Demography 46(1): 127–145.
Sommet, N. and Morselli, D. (2021). Keep calm and learn multilevel linear modeling: A three-step procedure using SPSS, Stata, R, and Mplus. International Review of Social Psychology 34(1): 203–218.
Spencer, N. and Urquhart, M.A. (2018). Hurricane strikes and migration: Evidence from storms in Central America and the Caribbean. Weather, Climate, and Society 10(3): 569–577.
Stanley, T.D. (2005). Beyond publication bias. Journal of Economic Surveys 19(3): 309–345.
Sterne, J.A.C., Sutton, A.J., Ioannidis, J.P.A., Terrin, N., Jones, D.R., Lau, J., Carpenter, J., Rücker, G., Harbord, R.M., Schmid, C.H., Tetzlaff, J., Deeks, J.J., Peters, J., Macaskill, P., Schwarzer, G., Duval, S., Altman, D.G., Moher, D., and Higgins, J.P.T. (2011). Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 343: 1–8.
Stojanov, R., Duží, B., Kelman, I., Němec, D., and Procházka, D. (2017). Local perceptions of climate change impacts and migration patterns in Malé, Maldives. Geographical Journal 183(4): 370–385.
Stojanov, R., Kelman, I., Shen, S., Duží, B., Upadhyay, H., Vikhrov, D., Lingaraj, G.J., and Mishra, A. (2014). Contextualising typologies of environmentally induced population movement. Disaster Prevention and Management 23(5): 508–523.
Strobl, E. and Valfort, M.A. (2015). The effect of weather-induced internal migration on local labor markets: Evidence from Uganda. World Bank Economic Review 29(2): 385–412.
Thiede, B.C. and Brown, D.L. (2013). Hurricane Katrina: Who stayed and why? Population Research and Policy Review 32(6): 803–824.
Thiede, B.C. and Gray, C.L. (2017). Heterogeneous climate effects on human migration in Indonesia. Population and Environment 39(2): 147–172.
Thiede, B.C., Gray, C.L., and Mueller, V. (2016). Climate variability and inter-provincial migration in South America, 1970–2011. Global Environmental Change 41: 228–240.
Vestby, J., Tollefsen, A.F., and Buhaug, H. (2022). Climate and international migration flows: A sensitivity analysis of gravity model specifications. Oslo: Peace Research Institute Oslo, QuantMig Project Deliverable D2.6.
Viswanathan, B. and Kumar, K.S.K. (2015). Weather, agriculture and rural migration: Evidence from state and district level migration in India. Environment and Development Economics 20(4): 469–492.
Warner, K., Hamza, M., Oliver-Smith, A., Renaud, F., and Julca, A. (2010). Climate change, environmental degradation and migration. Natural Hazards 55(3): 689–715.
Wasserstein, R.L. and Lazar, N.A. (2016). The ASA’s statement on p-values: Context, process, and purpose. American Statistician 70(2): 129–133.
Wesselbaum, D. (2019). The influence of climate on migration. Australian Economic Review 52(3): 363–372.
Wesselbaum, D. and Aburn, A. (2019). Gone with the wind: International migration. Global and Planetary Change 178: 96–109.
Westing, A.H. (1992). Environmental refugees: A growing category of displaced persons. Environmental Conservation 19(3): 201–207.
Whitmarsh, L. and Capstick, S. (2018). Perceptions of climate change. In: Clayton, S. and Manning, C. (eds.). Psychology and climate change: Human perceptions, impacts, and responses. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
Wolpert, J. (1966). Migration as an adjustment to environmental stress. Journal of Social Issues 22(4): 92–102.
Wooldridge, J.M. (1995). Score diagnostics for linear models estimated by two stage least squares. In: Maddala, G.S., Phillips, P.C., and Srinivasan, T.N. (eds.). Advances in econometrics and quantitative economics: Essays in honor of Professor C.R. Rao. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.
Zolnik, E.J. (2009). Context in human geography: A multilevel approach to study human-environment interactions. Professional Geographer 61(3): 336–349.