@article{Kravdal_6_10,
author = {Kravdal, Øystein},
title={{The impact of individual and aggregate unemployment on fertility in Norway}},
journal = {Demographic Research},
volume = {6},
number = {10},
pages = {263--294},
doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2002.6.10},
year = {2002},
abstract = {Continuous-time hazard models are estimated from register-based birth, migration, education and unemployment histories for the complete Norwegian population, linked with aggregate data for municipalities. The analysis covers the period 1992-98. First-birth rates are slightly higher among women who had been unemployed twelve months before than among others, whereas higher-order birth rates are slightly lower. 

Although men’s unemployment  has a more pronounced negative effect, according to paternity rate models, the overall conclusion is that unemployment in Norway has had a negligible impact on fertility through individual-level effects. Aggregate-level effects are more important. Higher-order birth rates are lower in municipalities where men’s or women’s unemployment is high than elsewhere. All in all, the peak unemployment level of 6% experienced in 1993 is found to be associated with a reduction of about 0.08 in total fertility. 

The results accord well with economic theories for first and higher-order births that are based on the assumption that women are still the primary caretakers.},
URL = {https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol6/10/},
eprint = {https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol6/10/6-10.pdf}
}