@article{Noymer_31_51,
author = {Noymer, Andrew and Van, Viola},
title={{Divergence without decoupling: Male and female life expectancy usually co-move}},
journal = {Demographic Research},
volume = {31},
number = {51},
pages = {1503--1524},
doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2014.31.51},
year = {2014},
abstract = {Background: Divergence of male and female life expectancy is a well-documented phenomenon. Co-movement is a heretofore-neglected aspect of changes in male and female mortality. 

Objective: We develop a new framework for life expectancy sex differentials in time series, using
co-movement/anti-movement and convergence/divergence. 

Methods: We apply this framework to the Human Mortality Database (HMD), assessing co-movement
between male and female life expectancy with the nonparametric test of Goodman
and Grunfeld (1961). 

Results: For every country in the HMD (except three with short spans of data), male and female
mortality statistically co-move. This applies even in cases, including ones such as Russia
that are well-discussed in the literature, that show extreme divergence between the
sexes. The results are reasonably robust to subsetting with a 25-year time-window for all
countries. 

Conclusions: Male and female life expectancy co-move even when the life expectancy sex differential
increases. The sex divergence in life expectancy needs to be (re-)considered in light of
the fact that male and female life expectancy usually co-move, reflecting overall societal
factors. },
URL = {https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol31/51/},
eprint = {https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol31/51/31-51.pdf}
}