TY  - JOUR
A1  - Thiede, Brian
A1  - Brooks, Matthew M.
T1  - Child poverty across immigrant generations in the United States, 1993–2016: Evidence using the official and supplemental poverty measures
Y1  - 2018/11/14
JF  - Demographic Research
JO  - Demographic Research
SN  - 1435-9871
SP  - 1065
EP  - 1080
DO  - 10.4054/DemRes.2018.39.40
VL  - 39
IS  - 40
UR  - https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol39/40/
L1  - https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol39/40/39-40.pdf
L2  - https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol39/40/39-40.pdf
N2  - Background: Recent increases in ethno-racial diversity in the United States are paralleled by growing representation of first- and second-generation immigrants, especially among children. Socioeconomic inequalities along the lines of immigrant generation, race, and ethnicity suggest such demographic changes may result in greater disparities among recent, more-diverse cohorts of children. 

Objective: Describe poverty rates among US children across five immigrant generation groups, using the US government’s official poverty measure (OPM) and a supplemental poverty measure (SPM), which accounts for government transfers and costs of living. 

Methods: Using data from the Current Population Survey and historical SPM estimates from 1993–2016, we describe trends in child poverty, stratified by immigrant generation. We compare estimates of inter-generational differences and temporal changes based on the OPM and SPM, and we conduct stratified analyses for Hispanic and Asian children. 

Results: We find persistent differences in poverty rates between immigrant generations. First-generation non-citizens and second-generation children with two foreign-born parents have consistently higher poverty rates than other generations, between which there are minimal disparities. Differences between OPM- and SPM-based estimates suggest public supports and costs of living have differential welfare effects across groups. 

Contribution: We provide a historical record of child poverty differentials across immigrant generations, which have been understudied. Results demonstrate heterogeneity in the economic status of first- and second-generation children, which would be masked using other immigrant-generation typologies. Differences in OPM- and SPM-based measures raise questions about inter-generational disparities in public supports and costs of living, and stratified results highlight the intersection of race, ethnicity, and nativity as axes of inequality. 

ER  -