TY  - JOUR
A1  - Healy, Olivia
A1  - Dunifon, Rachel
T1  - Grandchildren’s spatial proximity to grandparents and intergenerational support in the United States
Y1  - 2025/06/03
JF  - Demographic Research
JO  - Demographic Research
SN  - 1435-9871
SP  - 1097
EP  - 1110
DO  - 10.4054/DemRes.2025.52.34
VL  - 52
IS  - 34
UR  - https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol52/34/
L1  - https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol52/34/52-34.pdf
L2  - https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol52/34/52-34.pdf
N2  - Background: Grandparents regularly spend time with their grandchildren and may also depend on their adult children for help as they age. These patterns suggest that many family members live close enough to one another to provide in-person assistance. However, empirical evidence on grandparent–grandchild proximity and intergenerational transfers remains limited. 

Objective: We measure grandchild–grandparent spatial proximity, describing which families live close by and whether proximity is linked to intergenerational exchanges of time and money. 

Methods: We use US data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the 2013 Rosters and Transfers Module. We present descriptive patterns of spatial proximity and intergenerational transfers among families with grandchildren. 

Results: We find that most grandchildren live very close to a grandparent. Almost half of households with grandchildren live within 10 miles of a grandparent, and 13% live within 1 mile. Closer spatial proximity is more common when parents (of grandchildren) have less education, are unmarried, or earn lower incomes. Households living close to grandparents help and receive help from grandparents more often, and for more total hours, than those living farther away. Monetary transfers do not vary by spatial proximity. 

Conclusions: Findings have potential implications for the well-being of all three generations. 

Contribution: Prior research largely focuses on parents and their adult children, regardless of whether grandchildren are present; however, patterns of both proximity and support, and their implications, likely differ when grandchildren are present. We provide updated estimates of intergenerational spatial proximity and transfers specifically among families with grandchildren. We also measure proximity using fine-grained distance categories not common in past studies. 

ER  -