TY - JOUR A1 - Hernán, M.A. A1 - Hernández-Diaz, S. A1 - Werler, M.M. A1 - Mitchell, A.A. T1 - Causal knowledge as a prerequisite for confounding evaluation: an application to birth defects epidemiology Y1 - 2002 DO - 10.1093/aje/155.2.176 JF - American Journal of Epidemiology VL - 155 IS - 2 SP - 176 EP - -184 ER -