Volume 38 - Article 20 | Pages 471–512
The increasing mortality advantage of the married: The role played by education
By Øystein Kravdal, Emily Grundy, Katherine Lisa Keenan
References
Ai, C. and Norton, E.C. (2003). Interaction terms in logit and probit models. Economics Letters 80(1): 123–129.
Amato, P.R. (2000). The consequences of divorce for adults and children. Journal of Marriage and Family 62(4): 1269–1287.
Becker, G. (1991). A treatise on the family (enlarged ed.). Harvard: Harvard University Press.
Behrman, J.R., Kohler, H.P., Jensen, V.M., Pedersen, D., Petersen, I., Bingley, P., and Christensen, K. (2011). Does more schooling reduce hospitalization and delay mortality? New evidence based on Danish twins. Demography 48(4): 1347–1375.
Berkman, L.F., Zheng, Y., Glymour, M.M., Avendano, M., Börsch-Supan, A., and Sabbath, E.L. (2015). Mothering alone: Cross-national comparisons of later-life disability and health among women who were single mothers. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 69(9): 865–872.
Berntsen, K.N. (2011). Trends in total and cause-specific mortality by marital status among elderly Norwegian men and women. BMC Public Health 11: 537.
Boyle, P.J., Feng, Z., and Raab, G.M. (2011). Does widowhood increase mortality risk? Testing for selection effects by comparing causes of spousal death. Epidemiology 22(1): 1–5.
Bratberg, E. and Tjøtta, S. (2008). Income effects of divorce in families with dependent children. Journal of Population Economics 21(2): 439–461.
Breen, R., Luijkx, R., Müller, W., and Pollak, R. (2010). Long-term trends in educational inequality in Europe: Class inequalities and gender differences. European Sociological Review 26(1): 31–48.
Brown, D.C., Hummer, R.A., and Hayward, M.D. (2014). The importance of spousal education for the self-rated health of married adults in the United States. Population Research and Policy Review 33(1): 127–151.
Burström, B. (2002). Increasing inequalities in health care utilisation across income groups in Sweden during the 1990s? Health Policy 62(2): 117–129.
Carey, I.M., Shah, S.M., DeWilde, S., Harris, T., Victor, C.R., and Cook, D.G. (2014). Increased risk of acute cardiovascular events after partner bereavement: A matched cohort study. JAMA Internal Medicine 174(4): 598–605.
Carpiano, R.M. (2006). Toward a neighborhood resource-based theory of social capital for health: Can Bourdieu and sociology help? Social Science and Medicine 62(1): 165–175.
Clark, D. and Royer, H. (2013). The effect of education on adult mortality and health: Evidence from Britain. The American Economic Review 103(6): 2087–2120.
Elo, I.T. (2009). Social class differentials in health and mortality: Patterns and explanations in comparative perspective. Annual Review of Sociology 35: 553–572.
Ford, E.S., Ajani, U.A., Croft, J.B., Critchley, J.A., Labarthe, D.R., Kottke, T.E., Giles, W.H., and Capewell, S. (2007). Explaining the decrease in US deaths from coronary disease, 1980–2000. New England Journal of Medicine 356(23): 2388–2398.
Fu, H. and Goldman, N. (1996). Incorporating health into models of marriage choice: Demographic and sociological perspectives. Journal of Marriage and the Family 58(3): 740–758.
Greene, W. (2010). Testing hypotheses about interaction terms in nonlinear models. Economics Letters 107(2): 291–296.
Grundy, E.M. and Tomassini, C. (2010). Marital history, health, and mortality among older men and women in England and Wales. BMC Public Health 10: 554.
Hægeland, T., Klette, T.J., and Salvanes, K.G. (1999). Declining returns to education in Norway? Comparing estimates across cohorts, sectors, and over time. Scandinavian Journal of Economics 101(4): 555–576.
Härkönen, J. and Dronkers, J. (2006). Stability and change in the educational gradient of divorce. A comparison of seventeen countries. European Sociological Review 22(5): 501–517.
Hawkins, D.N. and Booth, A. (2005). Unhappily ever after: Effects of long-term, low-quality marriages on well-being. Social Forces 84(1): 451–471.
Hayward, M.D., Hummer, R.A., and Sasson, I. (2015). Trends and group differences in the association between educational attainment and US adult mortality: Implications for understanding education’s causal influence. Social Science and Medicine 127: 8–18.
Hiam, L., Dorling, D., Harrison, D., and McKee, M. (2017). Why has mortality in England and Wales been increasing? An iterative demographic analysis. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 110(4): 153–162.
Kalmijn, M. (2013). The educational gradient in marriage: A comparison of 25 European countries. Demography 50(4): 1499–1520.
Kalmijn, M. (2011). The influence of men’s income and employment on marriage and cohabitation: Testing Oppenheimer’s theory in Europe. European Journal of Population 27(3): 269–293.
Karlson, K.B., Holm, A., and Breen, R. (2012). Comparing regression coefficients between same-sample nested models using logit and probit: A new method. Sociological Methodology 42(1): 286–313.
Kitagawa, E.M. (1955). Components of a difference between two rates. Journal of the American Statistical Association 50(272): 1168–1194.
Koskinen, S., Joutsenniemi, K., Martelin, T., and Martikainen, P. (2007). Mortality differences according to living arrangements. International Journal of Epidemiology 36(6): 1255−1264.
Kravdal, H. and Syse, A. (2011). Changes over time in the effect of marital status on cancer survival. BMC Public Health 11(804): 1.
Kravdal, Ø. (2008). A broader perspective on education and mortality: Are Norwegian men and women influenced by other people’s education? Social Science and Medicine 66(3): 620–636.
Kravdal, Ø. (2017). Large and growing social inequality in mortality in Norway: The combined importance of marital status and own and spouse’s education. Population and Development Review 43(4): 645–665.
Kravdal, Ø. and Grundy, E. (2014). Underuse of medication for circulatory disorders among unmarried women and men in Norway. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 15(1): 65.
Kravdal, Ø., Grundy, E., Lyngstad, T., and Wiik, K.A. (2012). Family life history and late mid-life mortality in Norway. Population and Development Review 38(2): 237–257.
Kravdal, Ø. and Rindfuss, R.R. (2008). Changing relationships between education and fertility: A study of women and men born 1940–1964. American Sociological Review 73(5): 854–873.
Lewis, M.A. and Butterfield, R.M. (2007). Social control in marital relationships: Effect of one’s partner on health behaviors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 37(2): 298–319.
Lyngstad, T.H. and Jalovaara, M. (2010). A review of the antecedents of union dissolution. Demographic Research 23(10): 257.
Manning, W.D., Brown, S.L., and Payne, K.K. (2014). Two decades of stability and change in age at first union formation. Journal of Marriage and Family 76(2): 247–260.
Martelin, T. (1994). Mortality by indicators of socioeconomic status among the Finnish elderly. Social Science and Medicine 38(9): 1257–1278.
Martikainen, P. (1995). Socioeconomic mortality differentials in men and women according to own and spouse’s characteristics in Finland. Sociology of Health and Illness 17(3): 353–375.
Martikainen, P., Martelin, T., Nihtilä, E., Majamaa, K., and Koskinen, S. (2005). Differences in mortality by marital status in Finland from 1976 to 2000: Analyses of changes in marital-status distributions, sociodemographic and household composition, and cause of death. Population Studies 59(1): 99–115.
Montez, J.K. and Zajacova, A. (2014). Why is life expectancy declining among low-educated women in the United States? American Journal of Public Health 104(10): e5–e7.
Murphy, M., Grundy, E., and Kalogirou, S. (2007). The increase in marital status differences in mortality up to the oldest age in seven European countries, 1990–1999. Population Studies 61(3): 287–298.
O’Flaherty, M., Buchan, I., and Capewell, S. (2013). Contributions of treatment and lifestyle to declining CVD mortality: Why have CVD mortality rates declined so much since the 1960s? Heart 99(3): 159–162.
OECD (2009). Education at a Glance 2009: OECD Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Oppenheimer, V.K. (1997). Women’s employment and the gain to marriage: The specialization and trading model. Annual Review of Sociology 23: 431–453.
Oreopoulos, P. and Salvanes, K.G. (2011). Priceless: The nonpecuniary benefits of schooling. Journal of Economic Perspectives 25(1): 159–184.
Roelfs, D.J., Shor, E., Kalish, R., and Yogev, T. (2011). The rising relative risk of mortality for singles: Meta-analysis and meta-regression. American Journal of Epidemiology 174(4): 379–389.
Sardon, J.P. (2002). Recent trends in the developed countries. Population 57(1): 111–156.
Sarracino, F. and Mikucka, M. (2016). Social capital in Europe from 1990 to 2012: Trends and convergence. Social Indicators Research 131(1): 407–432.
Sassler, S. and Goldscheider, F. (2004). Revisiting Jane Austen’s theory of marriage timing: Changes in union formation among American men in the late 20th century. Journal of Family Issues 25(2): 139–166.
Schwartz, C.R. (2013). Trends and variation in assortative mating: Causes and consequences. Annual Review of Sociology 39: 451–470.
Shor, E., Roelfs, D.J., Bugyi, P., and Schwartz, J.E. (2012). Meta-analysis of marital dissolution and mortality: Reevaluating the intersection of gender and age. Social Science and Medicine 75(1): 46–59.
Skalická, V. and Kunst, A.E. (2008). Effects of spouses’ socioeconomic characteristics on mortality among men and women in a Norwegian longitudinal study. Social Science and Medicine 66(9): 2035–2047.
Sobotka, T. and Toulemon, L. (2008). Overview Chapter 4: Changing family and partnership behaviour: Common trends and persistent diversity across Europe. Demographic Research 19(6): 85–138.
Soons, J.P. and Kalmijn, M. (2009). Is marriage more than cohabitation? Well‐being differences in 30 European countries. Journal of Marriage and Family 71(5): 1141–1157.
Spoerri, A., Schmidlin, K., Richter, M., Egger, M., Clough-Gorr, K.M., and Puhan, M. (2014). Individual and spousal education, mortality, and life expectancy in Switzerland: A national cohort study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 68(9): 804–810.
Staehelin, K., Schindler, C., Spoerri, A., Stutz, E.Z., and Swiss National Cohort Study Group (2012). Marital status, living arrangement, and mortality: Does the association vary by gender? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 66(7): e22.
Stolle, D. and Hooghe, M. (2005). Inaccurate, exceptional, one-sided, or irrelevant? The debate about the alleged decline of social capital and civic engagement in Western societies. British Journal of Political Science 35(1): 149–167.
Surkyn, J. and Lesthaeghe, R. (2004). Value orientations and the second demographic transition (SDT) in Northern, Western, and Southern Europe: An update. Demographic Research S3(3): 45–86.
Sweeney, M.M. (2002). Two decades of family change: The shifting economic foundations of marriage. American Sociological Review 67(1): 132–147.
Umberson, D., Crosnoe, R., and Reczek, C. (2010). Social relationships and health behavior across the life course. Annual Review of Sociology 36: 139–157.
Umberson, D. and Montez, J.K. (2010). Social relationships and health: A flashpoint for health policy. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 51(Suppl. 1): S54–S66.
Umberson, D., Pudrovska, T., and Reczek, C. (2010). Parenthood, childlessness, and well-being: A life course perspective. Journal of Marriage and Family 72(3): 612–629.
Valkonen, T., Martikaninen, P., and Blomgren, J. (2004). Increasing excess mortality among nonmarried elderly people in developed countries. Demographic Research S2(12): 305–330.
Waldron, I., Hughes, M.E., and Brooks, T.L. (1996). Marriage protection and marriage selection: Prospective evidence for reciprocal effects of marital status and health. Social Science and Medicine 43(1): 113–123.
Wiik, K.A. (2009). ‘You’d better wait!’: Socioeconomic background and timing of first marriage versus first cohabitation. European Sociological Review 25(2): 139–153.
Wiik, K.A., Keizer, R., and Lappegård, T. (2012). Relationship quality in marital and cohabiting unions across Europe. Journal of Marriage and Family 74(3): 389–398.
Wilmoth, J. and Koso, G. (2002). Does marital history matter? Marital status and wealth outcomes among preretirement adults. Journal of Marriage and Family 64(1): 254–268.