Volume 42 - Article 16 | Pages 461–496
Patterns of spatial proximity and the timing and spacing of bearing children
References
Aassve, A., Arpino, B., and Billari, F.C. (2013). Age norms on leaving home: multilevel evidence from the European Social Survey. Environment and Planning A 45(2): 383‒401.
Aassve, A., Mazzuco, S., and Mencarini, L. (2005). Childbearing and well-being: A comparative analysis of European welfare regimes. Journal of European Social Policy 15(4): 283‒299.
Alesina, A. and Giuliano, P. (2010). The power of the family. Journal of Economic Growth 15(2): 93‒125.
Allison, P.D. (1982). Discrete-time methods for the analysis of event histories. Sociological Methodology 13: 61‒98.
Allison, P.D. (2014). Event history and survival analysis: Regression for longitudinal event data. London: SAGE publications.
Amialchuck, A. and Dimitrova, E. (2012). Detecting the evolution of deliberate fertility control before the demographic transition in Germany. Demographic Research 27(19): 507‒542.
Anderson, T. and Kohler, H.P. (2013). Education fever and the East Asian fertility puzzle: A case study of low fertility in South Korea. Asian Population Studies 9(2): 196‒215.
Arpino, B. and Tavares, L.P. (2013). Fertility and values in Italy and Spain: A look at regional differences within the European context. Population Review 52(1): 62‒86.
Baizán, P., Michielin, F., and Billari, F.C. (2002). Political economy and life course patterns: The heterogeneity of occupational, family and household trajectories of young Spaniards. Demographic Research 6(8): 191‒240.
Becker, G.S. and Barro, R.J. (1988). A reformulation of the economic theory of fertility. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 103(1): 125.
Becker, G.S. and Lewis, H.G. (1974). Interaction between quantity and quality of children. In: Schultz, T. W. (ed.). Economics of the family: Marriage, children, and human capital. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 81‒90.
Belsky, J. and Rovine, M. (1984). Social-network contact, family support, and the transition to parenthood. Journal of Marriage and Family 46(2): 455‒462.
Bernardi, L. and Klärner, A. (2014). Social networks and fertility. Demographic Research 30(22): 641‒670.
Billari, F.C. (2008). Lowest-low fertility in Europe: Exploring the causes and finding some surprises. The Japanese Journal of Population 6(1): 2‒18.
Billari, F.C., Castiglioni, M., Castro Martin, T., Michielin, F., and Ongaro, F. (2002). Household and union formation in Mediterranean fashion: Italy and Spain. In: Klijzing, E. and Corijn, M. (eds.). Dynamics of fertility and partnership in Europe: Insights and lessons from comparative research. New York: United Nations: 17‒41.
Billari, F.C., Goisis, A., Liefbroer, A.C., Settersten, R.A., Aassve, A., Hägestad, G., and Spéder, Z. (2011). Social age deadlines for the childbearing of women and men. Human Reproduction 26(3): 616–622.
Billari, F.C. and Kohler, H.-P. (2004). Pattern of low and lowest-low fertility in Europe. Population Studies 58(2): 161–176.
Bongaarts, J. and Sobotka, T. (2012). A demographic explanation for the recent rise in European fertility. Population and Development Review 38(1): 83–120.
Börsch-Supan, A., Brandt, M., Hunkler, C., Kneip, T., Korbmacher, J., Malter, F., Schaan, B., Stuck, S., and Zuber, S. (2013). Data resource profile: The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). International Journal of Epidemiology 42(4): 992–1001.
Bott, E. (1971). Family and social networks. London: Travistock Publications.
Bucx, F., Wel, F., and Knijn, T. (2012). Life course status and exchanges of support between young adults and parents. Journal of Marriage and Family 74(1): 101–115.
Burch, T.K. and Gendell, M. (1970). Extended family structure and fertility: Some conceptual and methodological issues. Journal of Marriage and Family 32(2): 227–236.
Coale, A.J. and Treadway, R. (1986). A summary of the changing distribution of overall fertility, marital fertility, and the proportion married in the provinces of Europe. In: Coale, A.J. and Watkins, S.C. (eds.). The decline of fertility in Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 31–181.
Daatland, S.O. and Lowenstein, A. (2005). Intergenerational solidarity and the family–welfare state balance. European Journal of Aging 2: 174–182.
Dalla-Zuanna, G. (2004). The banquet of Aeolus: A familistic interpretation of Italy’s lowest low fertility. In: Dalla Zuanna, G. and Micheli, G.A. (eds.). Strong family and low fertility: A paradox?. Alphen: Kluwer: 105–125.
Dalla-Zuanna, G. and Micheli, G. A. (2004). Introduction: New perspectives in interpreting contemporary family and reproductive behaviour of Mediterranean Europe. In: Dalla-Zuanna, G. and Micheli, G.A. (eds.). Strong family and low fertility: A paradox?. Alphen: Kluwer: 7‒21.
Das Gupta, M. (1997). Kinship systems and demographic processes. In: Kertzer, D.I. and Fricke, T. (eds.). Anthropological demography: Toward a new synthesis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 36‒52.
Das Gupta, M. (1999). Lifeboat versus corporate ethic: Social and demographic implications of stem and joint families. Social Science and Medicine 49(2): 173‒184.
Delger, H.E. (2003). Nuptiality and fertility: An investigation into local variations in demographic behaviour in rural Netherlands about 1800. Hilversum: Verloren.
Dong, H. (2015). Family influence on male reproduction: An East Asian comparison, 1700‒1950. Paper presented at the ‘Power of the Family’ Workshop, Wageningen, The Netherlands, October 9‒10 2015.
Dribe, M. and Lundh, C. (2014). Social norms and human agency: Marriage in ninetheenth-century Sweden. In: Lundh, C. and Kurosu, S. (eds.). Similarity in difference: Marriage in Europe and Asia, 1700‒1900. Cambridge: The MIT Press: 211‒260.
Dumon, W. (2005). Belgium’s families. In: Adams, B. and Trost, J. (eds.). Handbook of world families. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications: 215‒234.
Duranton, G.A., Rodriguez-Pose, A., and Sandall, R. (2009). Family types and the persistence of regional disparities in Europe. Journal of Economic Geography 85(1): 23‒47.
Dykstra, P.A. and Fokkema, T. (2011). Relationships between parents and their adult children: A West European typology of late-life families. Ageing and Society 31(4): 545‒569.
Dyson, T. and Moore, M. (1983). On kinship structure, female autonomy, and demographic behavior in India. Population and Development Review 9(1): 35‒60.
ESHRE Capri Workshop Group (2005). Fertility and ageing. Human Reproduction Update 11(3): 261–276.
Esping-Andersen, G. (1999). Social foundations of postindustrial economies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Eurostat (2018). National accounts (including GDP.
Eurostat (2017). NUTS ‒ Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics [electronic resource. (access date: 16.02.2017).
Eurostat (2018). Population density by NUTS 3 region [electronic resource. (access date: 05.11.2018).
Faragó, T. (1998). Different household formation systems in Hungary at the end of the eighteenth century: Variations on John Hajnal’s thesis. Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung 23(1‒2): 83‒111.
Frejka, T. and Sobotka, T. (2008). Fertility in Europe: Diverse, delayed and below replacement. Demographic Research 19(3): 15‒46.
Galasso, V. and Profeta, P. (2018). When the state mirrors the family: The design of pension systems. Journal of the European Economic Association 16(6): 1712‒1763.
Gauthier, A.H., Cabaço, S.L.F., and Emery, T. (2018). Generations and Gender Survey study profile. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies 9(4): 456‒465.
Goldstein, J., Lutz, W., and Testa, M.R. (2004). The emergence of sub-replacement family size ideals in Europe. Population Research and Policy Review 22: 479‒496.
Goldstein, J.R. and Kreyenfeld, M. (2011). Has East Germany overtaken West Germany? Recent trends in order‐specific fertility. Population and Development Review 37(3): 453‒472.
Goldstein, J.R., Kreyenfeld, M., Jasilioniene, A., and Örsal, D.K. (2013). Fertility reactions to the ‘Great Recession’ in Europe: Recent evidence from order-specific data. Demographic Research 29(4): 85‒104.
Goldstein, J.R., Sobotka, T., and Jasilioniene, A. (2009). The end of ‘lowest-low’ fertility? Population and Development Review 35(4): 663‒699.
Grandits, H. (2010). Introduction. In: Grandits, H. (ed.). Family, kinship and state in contemporary Europe. Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag: 23‒46.
Grundy, E. and Henretta, J.C. (2006). Between elderly parents and adult children: A new look at the intergenerational care provided by the sandwich generation. Ageing and Society 26(5): 707‒722.
Guerrero, T.J. and Naldini, M. (1996). Is the south so different? Italian and Spanish families in comparative perspective. Mannheim: Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung (MZES) (Working Paper 12. ISSN 0948-0072).
Hajnal, J. (1982). Two kinds of preindustrial household formation system. Population and Development Review 8(3): 449‒494.
Hank, K. (2007). Proximity and contacts between older parents and their children: A European comparison. Journal of Marriage and Family 69(1): 157‒173.
Hareven, T.K. (1991). The history of the family and the complexity of social change. The American Historical Review 96(1): 95‒124.
Hartnett, S. and Parrado, E.A. (2012). Hispanic familism reconsidered: Ethnic differences in the perceived value of children and fertility intentions. Sociological Quarterly 53(4): 636‒653.
Heady, P. (2012). European kinship today: patterns, prospects and explanations. Ethnologie française 42(1): 93‒104.
Heady, P., Gruber, S., and Bircan, T. (2010). The quantitative background. In: Heady, P. and Schweitzer, P. (eds.). Family, kinship and state in contemporary Europe. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag: 61‒90.
Heady, P., Gruber, S., and Ou, Z. (2010). Family, kindred and marriage. In: Heady, P. and Kohli, M. (eds.). Perspectives on theory and policy. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag: 31‒70.
Herlofson, K. and Hagestad, G.O. (2012). Transformations in the role of grandparents across welfare states. In: Arber, S. and Timonen, V. (eds.). Contemporary grandparenting. Bristol: The Policy Press: 27‒50.
Heuveline, P. and Timberlake, J.M. (2004). The role of cohabitation in family formation: The United States in comparative perspective. Journal of Marriage and Family 66(5): 1214‒1230.
Hilevych, Y. (2016). Later, if ever: Family influences on the transition from first to second birth in Soviet Ukraine. Continuity and Change 31(2): 275‒300.
Hilevych, Y. and Rusterholz, C. (2018). 'Two children to make ends meet’: The ideal family size, parental responsibilities and costs of children on two sides of the Iron Curtain during the post-war fertility decline. The History of the Family 23(3): 408‒425.
Höllinger, F. and Haller, M. (1990). Kinship and social networks in modern societies: A cross-cultural comparison among seven nations. European Sociological Review 6(2): 103‒124.
Iacovou, N. and Skew, A.J. (2011). Household composition across the new Europe: Where do the new Member States fit in? Demographic Research 25(14): 465‒490.
Jackson, P.B. and Berkowitz, A. (2005). The structure of the life course: Gender and racioethnic variation in the occurrence and sequencing of role transitions. Advances in Life Course Research 9: 55‒90.
Kaa, D.J. (2010). Demographic transition. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems 1: 65‒103.
Kaa, D.J. (1987). Europe’s second demographic transition. Population Bulletin 42(1): 1‒59.
Kalmijn, M. and Saraceno, C. (2008). A comparative perspective on intergenerational support. European Societies 10(3): 479‒508.
Kidd, S.A., Eskenazi, B., and Wyrobek, A.J. (2001). Effects of male age on semen quality and fertility: A review of the literature. Fertility and Sterility 74(2): 237‒248.
Kiernan, K. (2001). The rise of cohabitation and childbearing outside marriage in Western Europe. International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family 15(1): 1‒21.
Klüsener, S. (2015). Spatial variation in non-marital fertility across Europe in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries: Recent trends, persistence of the past, and potential future pathways. The History of the Family 20(4): 593‒628.
Klüsener, S., Perelli-Harris, B., and Sánchez Gassen, N. (2013). Spatial aspects of the rise of nonmarital fertility across Europe since 1960: The role of states and regions in shaping patterns of change. European Journal of Population 29: 137‒165.
Kohler, H.-P., Billari, F.C., and Ortega, J.A. (2002). The emergence of lowest-low fertility in Europe during the 1990s. Population and Development Review 28(4): 641‒680.
Kohli, M., Albertini, M., and Künemund, H. (2010). Linkages among adult family generations: Evidence from comparative survey research. In: Heady, P. and Kohli, M. (eds.). Perspectives on theory and policy. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag: 225‒248.
Kok, J. (2009). Family systems as frameworks for understanding variation in extra marital births, Europe 1900‒2000. Romanian Journal of Population Studies Supplement/2009: 13‒38.
Kok, J. (2014). Historical demography: Understanding temporal change, individual variation and regional persistence. Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis 11(2): 237‒260.
Kolk, M. (2014). Multigenerational processes in demography. [Doctoral dissertation]. Stockholm: Department of Sociology, Stockholm University.
Laslett, P. (1983). Family and household as work group and kin group: Areas of traditional Europe compared. In: Wall, R., Laslett, P., and Robin, J. (eds.). Family forms in historic Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 513‒564.
Lesthaeghe, R. and Neels, K. (2002). From the first to the second demographic transition: An interpretation of the spatial continuity of demographic innovation in France, Belgium and Switzerland. European Journal of Population/Revue européenne de démographie 18(4): 325‒360.
Lesthaeghe, R. and Surkyn, J. (2008). When history moves on: The foundations and diffusion of the second demographic transition. In: Jayakody, R., Thornton, A., and Axinn, W. G. (eds.). International family change: Ideational perspectives. London: Routledge: 81‒118.
Liefbroer, A.C. and Billari, F.C. (2010). Bringing norms back in: A theoretical and empirical discussion of their importance for understanding demographic behaviour. Population, Space and Place 16(4): 287‒305.
Liefbroer, A.C., Merz, E.M., and Testa, M.R. (2015). Fertility-related norms across Europe: A multi-level analysis. In: Philipov, D., Liefbroer, A.C., and Klobas, J.E. (eds.). Reproductive decision- making in a macro-micro perspective. Dordrecht: Springer: 141‒164.
Livi-Bacci, M. (2001). Too few children and too much family. Daedalus 130(3 Italy, Resilient and Vulnerable, Volume II: Politics and Society,): 139‒155.
Mason, K.O. (2001). Gender and family systems in the fertility transition. Population and Development Review 27: 160‒176.
McDonald, P. (2006). Low fertility and the state: The efficacy of policy. Population and Development Review 32(3): 485‒510.
Micheli, G.A. (2004). Kinship, family and social network: The anthropological embedment of fertility change in Southern Europe. In: Dalla-Zuanna, G. and Micheli, G.A. (eds.). Strong family and low fertility: A paradox?. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 77‒104.
Micheli, G.A. (2012). Two strong families in southern Europe? Re-examining the geography of kinship regimes stemming from the reciprocity mechanisms between generations. European Journal of Population 28: 17‒38.
Mönkediek, B. and Bras, H. (2014). Strong and weak family ties revisited: Reconsidering European family structures from a network perspective. The History of the Family 19(2): 235‒259.
Možný, I. and Katrňák, T. (2005). The Czech family. In: Adams, B. and Trost, J. (eds.). Handbook of world families. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications: 235‒261.
Mynarska, M. (2010). Deadline for parenthood: Fertility postponement and age norms in Poland. European Journal of Population 26: 351‒373.
Naldini, M. (2003). The family in the Mediterranean welfare states. London: Frank Cass.
Nauck, B., Groepler, N., and Yi, C.C. (2017). How kinship systems and welfare regimes shape leaving home: A comparative study of the United States, Germany, Taiwan, and China. Demographic Research 36(38): 1109‒1148.
Neugarten, B.L., Moore, J.W., and Lowe, J.C. (1965). Age norms, age constraints, and adult socialization. American Journal of Sociology 70(6): 710‒717.
Neven, M. (2002). The influence of the wider kin group on individual life-course transitions: Results from the Pays de Herve (Belgium), 1846–1900. Continuity and Change 17(3): 405‒435.
Newson, L. (2009). Cultural versus reproductive success: Why does economic development bring new tradeoffs? American Journal of Human Biology 21(4): 464‒471.
Reher, D.S. (1998). Family ties in Western Europe: Persistent contrasts. Population and Development Review 24(2): 203‒234.
Romero, A.J. and Ruiz, M. (2007). Does familism lead to increased parental monitoring? Protective factors for coping with risky behaviors. Journal of Child and Family Studies 16(2): 143‒154.
Rosina, A. (2004). Family formation and fertility in Italy. In: Dalla Zuanna, G. and Micheli, G.A. (eds.). Strong family and low fertility: A paradox?. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 23‒43.
Rotering, P. and Bras, H. (2015). With the help of kin? Household composition and reproduction in The Netherlands, 1842–1920. Human Nature 26(1): 102‒121.
Schaffnit, S.B. and Sear, R. (2014). Wealth modifies relationships between kin and women’s fertility in high-income countries. Behavioral Ecology 25(4): 834‒842.
Segalen, M., Chevalier, S., Augustins, G., Manceron, V., Amiotte-Suchet, L., and Sourdril, A. (2010). Three French localities. In: Heady, P. and Schweitzer, P. (eds.). Family, kinship and state in contemporary Europe. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag: 169‒224.
Settersten, R.A. and Hägestad, G.O. (1996). What’s the latest? Cultural age deadlines for family transitions. Gerontologist 36(2): 178–188.
Singer, J.D. and Willett, J.B. (1993). It’s about time: Using discrete-time survival analysis to study duration and the timing of events. Journal of Educational Statistics 18(2): 155195.
Skinner, G.W. (1997). Family systems and demographic processes. In: Kertzer, D.I. and Fricke, T.E. (eds.). Anthropological demography. Toward a new synthesis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 53‒95.
Sklar, J.L. (1974). The role of marriage behaviour in the demographic transition: The case of Eastern Europe around 1900. Population Studies 28(2): 231‒247.
Sobotka, T. (2004). Is lowest-low fertility in Europe explained by the postponement of childbearing? Population and Development Review 30(2): 195‒220.
Sobotka, T. and Beaujouan, É. (2014). Two is best? The persistence of a two‐child family ideal in Europe. Population and Development Review 40(3): 391‒419.
Sobotka, T., Zeman, K., and Kantorová, V. (2003). Demographic shifts in the Czech Republic after 1989: A second demographic transition view. European Journal of Population 19: 249‒277.
Suzuki, T. (2008). Korea’s strong familism and lowest‐low fertility. International Journal of Japanese Sociology 17(1): 30‒41.
Suzuki, T. (2003). Lowest-low fertility in Korea and Japan. Journal of Population Problems 59(3): 1‒16.
Synak, B. (1990). The Polish family: Stability, change and conflict. Journal of Aging Studies 4(4): 333‒344.
Szołtysek, M. (2008). Three kinds of preindustrial household formation system in historical Eastern Europe: A challenge to spatial patterns of the European family. The History of the Family 13(3): 223‒257.
Therborn, G. (2004). Between sex and power. Family in the world, 1900‒2000. London: Routledge.
Todd, E. (1990). L’invention de l’Europe. Paris: Seuil.
Trost, J. and Levin, I. (2005). Scandinavian Families. In: Adams, B.N. and Trost, J. (eds.). Handbook of world families. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications: 347‒363.
Turke, P.W. (1989). Evolution and the demand for children. Population and Development Review 15(1): 61‒90.
U.N.E.S.C.O. (2006). International Standard Classification of Education, ISCED. Paris: United Nations.
Van Bavel, J. (2004). Deliberate birth spacing before the fertility transition in Europe: Evidence from nineteenth-century Belgium. Population Studies: A Journal of Demography 58(1): 95‒107.
Van Bavel, J. and Reher, D.S. (2013). The baby boom and its causes: What we know and what we need to know. Population and Development Review 39(2): 257‒288.
Veleti, K. (2001). Family structure and its effective influence on fertility. Journal of Human Ecology 12(5): 387‒390.
Vermunt, J.K. (2009). Event history analysis. In: Millsap, R. and Maydeu-Olivares, A. (eds.). Handbook of quantitative methods in psychology. London: Sage Publications: 658‒674.
Viazzo, P.P. (2010). Family, kinship and welfare provision in Europe, past and present: Commonalities and divergences. Continuity and Change 25(1): 137‒159.
Viazzo, P.P. (2010). Macro-regional differences in European kinship culture. In: Heady, P. and Kohli, M. (eds.). Family, kinship and state in contemporary Europe. Vol. 3, Perspectives on theory and policy. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag: 271‒294.
Vikat, A., Spéder, Z., Beets, G., Billari, F.C., Bühler, C., Désesquelles, A., Fokkema, T., Hoem, J.M., MacDonald, A., Neyer, G., Pailhé, A., Pinnelli, A., and Solaz, A. (2007). Generations and Gender Survey (GGS): Towards a better understanding of relationships and processes in the life course. Demographic Research 17(14): 389‒440.
Voland, E. (1998). Evolutionary ecology of human reproduction. Annual Review of Anthropology 27: 347‒374.
Watkins, S.C. (1986). Regional patterns of nuptiality in Western Europe, 1870‒1960. In: Coale, A.J. and Watkins, S.C. (eds.). The decline of fertility in Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 314–336.
Witte, J.C. and Wagner, G.G. (1995). Declining fertility in East Germany after unification: A demographic response to socioeconomic change. Population and Development Review 21(2): 387–397.
Zaidi, B. and Morgan, S.P. (2017). The second demographic transition theory: A review and appraisal. Annual Review of Sociology 43: 473–492.