Volume 44 - Article 21 | Pages 481–512  

Classifying multiple ethnic identifications: Methodological effects on child, adolescent, and adult ethnic distributions

By Esther S. Yao, Kane Meissel, Pat Bullen, Polly Atatoa Carr, Terryann Clark, Susan Morton

References

Aspinall, P.J. (2018). What kind of mixed race/ethnicity data is needed for the 2020/21 global population census round: The cases of the UK, USA, and Canada. Ethnic and Racial Studies 41(11): 1990–2008.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Aspinall, P.J. and Song, M. (2013). Mixed race identities. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Atatoa Carr, P.E., Bandara, D., Berry, S., Kingi, T.K., Grant, C., and Morton, S. (2017). Ethnic identification complexity across generations: Evidence from growing up in New Zealand. New Zealand Population Review 43: 35–61.

Download reference:

Balestra, C. and Fleischer, L. (2018). Diversity statistics in the OECD: How do OECD countries collect data on ethnic, racial and indigenous identity? Paris: OECD Publishing (OECD Statistics Working Papers.

Download reference:

Bhopal, R. (2004). Glossary of terms relating to ethnicity and race: For reflection and debate. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 58(6): 441–445.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Boven, N., Exeter, D., Sporle, A., and Shackleton, N. (2020). The implications of different ethnicity categorisation methods for understanding outcomes and developing policy in New Zealand. Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online 15(1): 123–139.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Callister, P., Didham, R., Potter, D., and Blakely, T. (2007). Measuring ethnicity in New Zealand: Developing tools for health outcomes analysis. Ethnicity and Health 12(4): 299–320.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Clark, T.C., Fleming, T., Bullen, P., Crengle, S., Denny, S., Dyson, B., Fortune, S., Peiris-John, R., Robinson, E., Rossen, F., Sheridan, J., Teevale, T., Utter, J., and The Adolescent Health Research Group (2013). Youth’12 prevalence tables: The health and wellbeing of New Zealand secondary school students in 2012. Auckland: The University of Auckland.

Download reference:

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Download reference:

Cokley, K. (2007). Critical issues in the measurement of ethnic and racial identity: A referendum on the state of the field. Journal of Counseling Psychology 54(3): 224–234.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Denton, N.A. and Deane, G.D. (2010). Researching race and ethnicity: Methodological issues. London: Sage.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Department of Statistics (1993). New Zealand standard classification of ethnicity. Wellington: Department of Statistics.

Download reference:

Didham, R. (2005). Understanding and working with ethnicity data. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand.

Download reference:

Education Counts (2014). Ethnic group codes [electronic resource]. Wellington: Education Counts.

Field, A., Miles, J., and Field, Z. (2012). Discovering statistics using R. London: Sage.

Download reference:

Harris, D.R. and Sim, J.J. (2002). Who is multiracial? Assessing the complexity of lived race. American Sociological Review 67(4): 614–627.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Herman, M. (2004). Forced to choose: Some determinants of racial identification in multiracial adolescents. Child Development 75(3): 730–748.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Herman, M.R. (2011). Methodology and measurement in the study of multiracial Americans: Identity, classification, and perceptions. Sociology Compass 5(7): 607–617.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Ingram, D.D., Parker, J.D., Schenker, N., Weed, J.A., Hamilton, B., Arias, E., and Madans, J.H. (2003). United States Census 2000 population with bridged race categories. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Health Statistics, Vital and Health Statistics 2/135.

Download reference:

Jones, N.A. and Bullock, J. (2012). The two or more races population: 2010. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census Brief Series.

Download reference:

Khawaja, M., Boddington, B., and Didham, R. (2000). Growing ethnic diversity in New Zealand and its implications for measuring differentials in fertility and mortality. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand.

Download reference:

Kukutai, T. and Callister, P. (2009). A ‘main’ ethnic group? Ethnic self-prioritisation among New Zealand youth. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand 36: 16–31.

Download reference:

Lee, S.M. (2001). Using the new racial categories in the 2000 Census. Baltimore: Annie E. Casey Foundation, KIDS COUNT/PRB Reports on Census 2000.

Download reference:

Liebler, C.A., Porter, S.R., Fernandez, L.E., Noon, J.M., and Ennis, S.R. (2017). America’s churning races: Race and ethnicity response changes between Census 2000 and the 2010 Census. Demography 54(1): 259–284.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Mays, V.M., Ponce, N.A., Washington, D.L., and Cochran, S.D. (2003). Classification of race and ethnicity: Implications for public health. Annual Review of Public Health 24(1): 83–110.

Ministry of Health (2017). HISO 10001:2017 Ethnicity Data Protocols. Wellington: Ministry of Health.

Download reference:

Morning, A. (2008). Ethnic classification in global perspective: A cross-national survey of the 2000 census round. Population Research and Policy Review 27(2): 239–272.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Morton, S.M.B., Atatoa Carr, P.E., Grant, C.C., Robinson, E.M., Bandara, D.K., Bird, A., Ivory, V.C., Kingi, T.K.R., Liang, R., Marks, E.J., Perese, L.M., Peterson, E.R., Pryor, J.E., Reese, E., Schmidt, J.M., Waldie, K.E., and Wall, C. (2013). Cohort profile: Growing up in New Zealand. International Journal of Epidemiology 42(1): 65–75.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Morton, S.M.B., Ramke, J., Kinloch, J., Grant, C.C., Atatoa Carr, P., Leeson, H., Lee, A.C.L., and Robinson, E. (2015). Growing up in New Zealand cohort alignment with all New Zealand births. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 39(1): 82–87.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Office of Management and Budget (2000). Provisional guidance on the implementation of the 1997 standards for the collection of federal data on race and ethnicity. Washington, D.C.: Executive Office of the President.

Download reference:

Perez, A.D. (2006). Choosing a race: The effects of proxy reporting on the identification of mixed race children. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Los Angeles, CA, March 30‒April 1, 2006.

Download reference:

Perez, A.D. and Hirschman, C. (2009). The changing racial and ethnic composition of the US population: Emerging American identities. Population and Development Review 35(1): 1–51.

Weblink:
Download reference:

R. Core Team (2019). R: A language and environment for statistical computing [electronic resource]. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Rutkowski, R.E., Salemi, J.L., Tanner, J.P., Matas, J.L., and Kirby, R.S. (2017). Assessing the impact of different race-bridging algorithms on the reported rate of birth defects. Journal of Registry Management 44(4): 145–156.

Download reference:

Sanchez, D.T. (2010). How do forced-choice dilemmas affect multiracial people? The role of identity autonomy and public regard in depressive symptoms. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 40(7): 1657–1677.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Statistics New Zealand (2020). Census ethnic group summaries. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand.

Download reference:

Statistics New Zealand (2014). Census QuickStats about culture and identity. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand.

Download reference:

Statistics New Zealand (2004). Report of the review of the measurement of ethnicity. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand.

Download reference:

Statistics New Zealand (2005). Statistical standard for ethnicity. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand.

Download reference:

Subramanian, S. (2009). Methods and approaches in using secondary data sources to study race and ethnicity factors. In: Verma, M. (ed.). Cancer epidemiology. Totowa: Humana Press: 227–237.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Townsend, S.S.M., Markus, H.R., and Bergsieker, H.B. (2009). My choice, your categories: The denial of multiracial identities. Journal of Social Issues 65(1): 185–204.

Weblink:
Download reference:

United Nations (2008). Principles and recommendations for population and housing censuses. New York: United Nations.

Download reference:

Wasserstein, R.L., Schirm, A.L., and Lazar, N.A. (2019). Moving to a world beyond ‘p < 0.05’. American Statistician 73(Supplement 1): 1–19.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Back to the article