Volume 45 - Article 32 | Pages 973–1010  

Socioeconomic preconditions to union formation: Exploring variation by migrant background

By Layla Van den Berg, Jonas Wood, Karel Neels

References

Baert, S., Heiland, F., and Korenman, S. (2016). Native-immigrant gaps in educational and school-to-work transitions in the 2nd generation: The role of gender and ethnicity. De Economist 164(2): 159–186.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Becker, G. (1974). A theory of marriage. In: Schultz, T.W. (ed.). Economics of the family: Marriage, children, and human capital. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 299–351.

Download reference:

Becker, G. (1981). A treatise on the family. Harvard: Harvard University Press.

Download reference:

Bernhardt, E., Goldscheider, F., and Goldscheider, C. (2007). Integrating the second generation: Gender and family attitudes in early adulthood in Sweden. Zeitschrift für Familienforschung-Journal of Family Research 19(1): 55–70.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Billari, F.C. and Liefbroer, A.C. (2010). Towards a new pattern of transition to adulthood? Advances in Life Course Research 15(2–3): 59–75.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Blossfeld, H.-P. and Huinink, J. (1991). Human capital investments or norms of role transition? How women’s schooling and career affect the process of family formation. American Journal of Sociology 97(1): 143–168.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Blossfeld, H.-P., Klijzing, E., Mills, M., and Kurz, K. (2006). Globalization, uncertainty and youth in society: The losers in a globalizing world. London: Routledge.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Bonifazi, C. (2008). Evolution of regional patterns of international migration in Europe. In: Bonifazi, C., Okólski, M., Schoorl, J., and Simon, P. (eds.). International migration in Europe: New trends and new methods of analysis. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press: 107–128.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Bracher, M. and Santow, G. (1998). Economic independence and union formation in Sweden. Population Studies 52(3): 275–294.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Buchholz, S., Hofäcker, D., Mills, M., Blossfeld, H.-P., Kurz, K., and Hofmeister, H. (2009). Life courses in the globalization process: The development of social inequalities in modern societies. European Sociological Review 25(1): 53–71.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Cherlin, A.J. (2000). Toward a new home socioeconomics of union formation. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Download reference:

Corijn, M. and Lodewijckx, E. (2009). De start van de gezinsvorming bij de Turkse en Marokkaanse tweede generatie in het Vlaamse Gewest een analyse op basis van Rijksregistergegevens.

Corluy, V., Haemels, J., Marx, I., and Verbist, G. (2015). The labour market position of second-generation immigrants in Belgium. (NBB Working Paper 285.

Crul, M. and Doomernik, J. (2003). The Turkish and Moroccan second generation in the Netherlands: Divergent trends between and polarization within the two groups. International Migration Review 37(4): 1039–1064.

Weblink:
Download reference:

De Haas, H. (2010). The internal dynamics of migration processes: A theoretical inquiry. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36(10): 1587–1617.

Weblink:
Download reference:

de Witte, E., Luyten, D., and Meynen, A. (1997). Politieke geschiedenis van België: Van 1830 tot heden. Brussels: VUBPress.

Download reference:

Dupont, E., van de Putte, B., Lievens, J., and Caestecker, F. (2017). Partner migration in the Moroccan community: a focus on time and contextual evolutions. In: Timmerman, C., Fadil, N., Goddeeris, I., Clycq, N., and Ettourki, K. (eds.). Moroccan migration in Belgium: More than 50 years of settlement. Leuven: Leuven University Press: 105–124.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Dupont, E., Van Pottelberge, A., Van de Putte, B., Lievens, J., and Caestecker, F. (2017). Partner choices in long established migrant communities in Belgium. Historical Life Course Studies 4: 20–40.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Esping‐Andersen, G. and Billari, F.C. (2015). Re‐theorizing family demographics. Population and Development Review 41(1): 1–31.

Weblink:
Download reference:

European Migration Network (2017). Family reunification with third country national sponsors in Belgium.

Eurostat (2016). First and second-generation immigrants – statistics on main characteristics.

FOD WASO and UNIA (2017). Socio-economische monitoring: Arbeidsmark en Origine 2017.

Friedman, D., Hechter, M., and Kanazawa, S. (1994). A theory of the value of children. Demography 31(3): 375–401.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Goldscheider, F., Goldscheider, C., and Bernhardt, E.M. (2011). Creating egalitarian families among the adult children of Turkish‐and Polish‐origin immigrants in Sweden. International Migration Review 45(1): 68–88.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Hartung, A., Vandezande, V., Phalet, K., and Swyngedouw, M. (2011). Partnership preferences of the Belgian second generation: Who lives with whom? Advances in Life Course Research 16(4): 152–163.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Heath, A.F., Rothon, C., and Kilpi, E. (2008). The second generation in Western Europe: Education, unemployment, and occupational attainment. Annual Review of Sociology 34: 211–235.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Hernández-Plaza, S., Alonso-Morillejo, E., and Pozo-Muñoz, C. (2006). Social support interventions in migrant populations. British Journal of Social Work 36(7): 1151–1169.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Hiekel, N., Liefbroer, A.C., and Poortman, A.R. (2014). Understanding diversity in the meaning of cohabitation across Europe. European Journal of Population 30(4): 391–410.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Huschek, D., Liefbroer, A.C., and Valk, H.A. (2010). Timing of first union among second-generation Turks in Europe: The role of parents, peers and institutional context. Demographic Research 22(16): 473–504.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Huschek, D., Valk, H.A., and Liefbroer, A.C. (2011). Gender-role behavior of second-generation Turks: The role of partner choice, gender ideology and societal context. Advances in Life Course Research 16(4): 164–177.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Idema, H. and Phalet, K. (2007). Transmission of gender-role values in Turkish-German migrant families: The role of gender, intergenerational and intercultural relations. Zeitschrift für Familienforschung 19(1): 71–105.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Inglehart, R. and Baker, W.E. (2000). Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values. American Sociological Review 65(1): 19–51.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Jalovaara, M. (2012). Socio-economic resources and first-union formation in Finland, cohorts born 1969–81. Population Studies 66(1): 69–85.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Jalovaara, M. (2013). Socioeconomic resources and the dissolution of cohabitations and marriages. European Journal of Population/Revue européenne de Démographie 29(2): 167–193.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Kalmijn, M. (2011). The influence of men’s income and employment on marriage and cohabitation: Testing Oppenheimer’s theory in Europe. European Journal of Population/Revue européenne de démographie 27(3): 269–293.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Kalmijn, M., Loeve, A., and Manting, D. (2007). Income dynamics in couples and the dissolution of marriage and cohabitation. Demography 44(1): 159–179.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Klement, C. and Rudolph, B. (2004). Employment patterns and economic independence of women in intimate relationships: A German–Finnish comparison. European Societies 6(3): 299–318.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Koelet, S., Corijn, M., Lodewijckx, E., Mortelmans, D., d’Hooge, A., and Hermans, P. (2009). Echtscheiding bij personen van Turkse en Marokkaanse herkomst. Deel 2: Kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve studie. Antwerpen: Steunpunt Gelijkekansenbeleid – Consortium Universiteit Antwerpen en Universiteit Hasselt.

Download reference:

Kretschmer, D. (2018). Explaining differences in gender role attitudes among migrant and native adolescents in Germany: Intergenerational transmission, religiosity, and integration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44(13): 2197–2218.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Kreyenfeld, M., Andersson, G., and Pailhé, A. (2012). Economic uncertainty and family dynamics in Europe: Introduction. Demographic Research 27(28): 835–852.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Kulu, H. and González-Ferrer, A. (2014). Family dynamics among immigrants and their descendants in Europe: Current research and opportunities. European Journal of Population 30(4): 411–435.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Leopold, T. (2018). Gender differences in the consequences of divorce: A study of multiple outcomes. Demography 55(3): 769–797.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Lesthaeghe, R. (2000). Communities and generations: Turkish and Moroccan populations in Belgium. Brussel: VUBPress.

Download reference:

Lesthaeghe, R. (2010). The unfolding story of the second demographic transition. Population and Development Review 36(2): 211–251.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Lesthaeghe, R. and Neels, K. (2002). From the first to the second demographic transition: an interpretation of the spatial continuity of demographic innovation in France, Belgium and Switzerland. European Journal of Population/Revue européenne de démographie 18(4): 325–360.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Lesthaeghe, R. and Surkyn, J. (1994). Turkse en Marokkaanse vrouwen in België: gezinsvorming en waarden bij de generatiewisseling. Allochtone vrouwen: thuis in Nederland : 9–51 (Allochtone vrouwen: thuis in Nederland 9–51.).

Download reference:

Lesthaeghe, R. and Van de Kaa, D.J. (1986). Twee demografische transities. Deventer: Van Loghum Slaterus.

Download reference:

Liefbroer, A.C. and Corijn, M. (1999). Who, what, where, and when? Specifying the impact of educational attainment and labour force participation on family formation. European Journal of Population/Revue européenne de démographie 15(1): 45–75.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Lievens, J. (1999). Family-forming migration from Turkey and Morocco to Belgium: The demand for marriage partners from the countries of origin. International Migration Review 33(3): 717–744.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Lodewijckx, E. and Deboosere, P. (2008). LIPRO: een classificatie van huishoudens. Brussels: Studiedienst van de Vlaamse Regering.

Download reference:

Mäenpää, E. (2009). Cohabiting partners’ socioeconomic characteristics and the transition to marriage in Finland. Finnish Yearbook of Population Research 44: 63–78.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Maes, J., Wood, J., and Neels, K. (2020). Diversiteit & Sociale Samenhang. Antwerpen: Universiteit Antwerpen.

Download reference:

Maes, J., Wood, J., and Neels, K. (2019). Early labour market trajectories of intermediate and second generation Turkish and Maghreb women in Belgium. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 61: 65–78.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Manco, A. and Gerstnerova, A. (2016). Migrant associations as alternative jobs providers: Experience of Turkish and sub-Saharan communities in Belgium. Border Crossing 6(1): 1–15.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Manning, W. D. and Smock, P. J. (1995). Why marry? Race and the transition to marriage among cohabitors. Demography 32(4): 509–520.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Martens, A. (1973). 25 jaar wegwerparbeiders: Het Belgisch immigratiebeleid na 1945. Leuven: Sociologisch Onderzoeksinstituut, Rapporten 1973(2).

Download reference:

Milewski, N. and Hamel, C. (2010). Union formation and partner choice in a transnational context: The case of descendants of Turkish immigrants in France. International Migration Review 44(3): 615–658.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Mulder, C.H., Clark, W.A.V., and Wagner, M. (2006). Resources, living arrangements and first union formation in the United States, the Netherlands and West Germany. European Journal of Population 22(1): 3–35.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Münz, R. (2007). Migration, labor markets, and integration of migrants: An overview for Europe. Hamburg: Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWI), HWWI Policy Paper 3–6.

Download reference:

Oppenheimer, V.K. (1988). A theory of marriage timing. American Journal of Sociology 94(3): 563–591.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Oppenheimer, V.K. (2003). Cohabiting and marriage during young men’s career-development process. Demography 40(1): 127–149.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Oppenheimer, V.K. (2000). The continuing importance of men’s economic position in marriage formation. Piscataway: Transaction Publishers.

Download reference:

Oppenheimer, V.K. (1977). The sociology of women’s economic role in the family. American Sociological Review 42(3): 387–406.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Oppenheimer, V.K. (1997). Women’s employment and the gain to marriage: The specialization and trading model. Annual Review of Sociology 23: 431–453.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Oppenheimer, V.K. (1994). Women’s rising employment and the future of the family in industrial societies. Population and Development Review 20(2): 293–342.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Perelli‐Harris, B. and Gassen, N.S. (2012). How similar are cohabitation and marriage? Legal approaches to cohabitation across Western Europe. Population and Development Review 38(3): 435–467.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Perelli-Harris, B. and Lyons-Amos, M. (2015). Changes in partnership patterns across the life course: An examination of 14 countries in Europe and the United States. Demographic Research 33(6): 145–178.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Phalet, K. (2007). Down and out: The children of immigrant workers in the Belgian labour market. In: Heath, A.F. and Cheung, S.Y. (eds.). Unequal chances: Ethnic minorities in Western labour markets. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 142–180.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Raz-Yurovich, L. (2010). Men’s and women’s economic activity and first marriage: Jews in Israel, 1987–1995. Demographic Research 22(29): 933–964.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Regt, S., Mortelmans, D., and Marynissen, T. (2013). Financial consequences of relationship dissolution: A longitudinal comparison of formerly married and unmarried cohabiting men and women. Sociology 47(1): 90–108.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Reniers, G. (1999). On the history and selectivity of Turkish and Moroccan migration to Belgium. International Migration 37(4): 679–713.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Röder, A. and Mühlau, P. (2014). Are they acculturating? Europe’s immigrants and gender egalitarianism. Social Forces 92(3): 899–928.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Rubin, J., Rendall, M.S., Rabinovich, L., Tsang, F., Oranje-Nassau, C., and Janta, B. (2008). Migrant women in the European labour force. Current situation and future prospects. Cambridge, Brussels: RAND Europe.

Download reference:

Smock, P.J. (1994). Gender and the short-run economic consequences of marital disruption. Social Forces 73(1): 243–262.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Sobotka, T. and Toulemon, L. (2008). Overview Chapter 4: Changing family and partnership behaviour: Common trends and persistent diversity across Europe. Demographic Research 19(6): 85–138.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Surkyn, J. and Reniers, G. (1996). Selecte gezelschappen: over de migratiegeschiedenis en de interne dynamiek van migratieprocessen. Bevolking en Gezin 25(themanummer): 41–72.

Download reference:

Sweeney, M.M. (2002). Two decades of family change: The shifting economic foundations of marriage. American Sociological Review 67(1): 132–147.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Teachman, J. (2010). Wives’ economic resources and risk of divorce. Journal of Family Issues 31(10): 1305–1323.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Thomson, E. and Bernhardt, E. (2010). Education, values, and cohabitation in Sweden. Marriage and Family Review 46(1–2): 1–21.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Valk, H.A. and Liefbroer, A.C. (2007). Timing preferences for women’s family‐life transitions: Intergenerational transmission among migrants and Dutch. Journal of Marriage and Family 69(1): 190–206.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Valk, H.A. and Milewski, N. (2011). Family life transitions among children of immigrants: An introduction. Advances in Life Course Research 16(4): 145–151.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Van den Broucke, S., Noppe, J., Stuyck, K., Buysschaert, P., Doyen, G., and Wets, J. (2015). Vlaamse Migratie- en Integratiemonitor 2015. Brussels: Steunpunt Inburgering en Integratie.

Download reference:

Van Imhoff, E. and Keilman, N. (1991). LIPRO 2.0: An application of a dynamic demographic projection model to household structure in the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger.

Download reference:

Van Mol, C. and Valk, H.A. (2016). Migration and immigrants in Europe: A historical and demographic perspective. In: Garcés-Mascareñas, B. and Penninx, R. (eds.). Integration processes and policies in Europe. Cham: Springer: 31–55.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Wets, J., Descheemaeker, L., Heyse, P., Clycq, N., and Timmerman, C. (2009). Partnerkeuze en huwelijkssluiting van allochtone mannen. Een kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve analyse van het partnerkeuzeproces en het huwelijk van Marokkaanse, Turkse en sikhmannen. Brussels: Instituut voor de gelijkheid van vrouwen en mannen.

Download reference:

Wiik, K.A. (2009). 'You’d better wait!’ Socio-economic background and timing of first marriage versus first cohabitation. European Sociological Review 25(2): 139–153.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Wood, J., Berg, L., and Neels, K. (2017). Household division of labour and family formation in the Moroccan First and Second Generations at the turn of the 21st Century. In: Timmerman, C., Fadil, N., Goddeeris, I., Clycq, N., and Ettourki, K. (eds.). Moroccan migration in Belgium: More than 50 Years of Settlement. Leuven: Leuven University Press: 125–145.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Zick, A., Pettigrew, T.F., and Wagner, U. (2008). Ethnic prejudice and discrimination in Europe. Journal of Social Issues 64(2): 233–251.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Zorlu, A. and Mulder, C.H. (2011). Ethnic differences in leaving home: Timing and pathways. Demography 48(1): 49–72.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Back to the article