Volume 49 - Article 2 | Pages 13–30
Frailty at death: An examination of multiple causes of death in four low mortality countries in 2017
By Sergi Trias-Llimós, Magali Barbieri, Viviana Egidi, Luisa Frova, Francesco Grippo, France Meslé, Marilena Pappagallo, Aline Désesquelles
References
Adair, T., Temple, J., Anstey, K.J., and Lopez, A.D. (2022). Is the rise in reported dementia mortality real? Analysis of multiple-cause-of-death data for Australia and the United States. American Journal of Epidemiology 191(7): 1270–1279.
Agresti, A. and Coull, B.A. (1998). Approximate is better than ‘exact’ for interval estimation of binomial proportions. The American Statistician 52(2): 119–126.
Amblàs-Novellas, J., Martori, J.C., Espaulella, J., Oller, R., Molist-Brunet, N., Inzitari, M., and Romero-Ortuno, R. (2018). Frail-VIG index: A concise frailty evaluation tool for rapid geriatric assessment. BMC Geriatrics 18(1): 1–12.
Banerjee, D., Mukhopadhyay, S., Rabheru, K., Ivbijaro, G., and Mendonca Lima, C.A. (2021). Not a disease: A global call for action urging revision of the ICD-11 classification of old age. The Lancet Healthy Longevity 2(10): 610–612.
Bottle, A., Kim, D., Hayhoe, B., Majeed, A., Aylin, P., Clegg, A., and Cowie, M.R. (2019). Frailty and co-morbidity predict first hospitalisation after heart failure diagnosis in primary care: Population-based observational study in England. Age and Ageing 48(3): 347–354.
Christensen, K., Doblhammer, G., Rau, R., and Vaupel, J.W. (2009). Ageing populations: The challenges ahead. The Lancet 374(9696): 1196–1208.
Clegg, A., Young, J., Iliffe, S., Rikkert, M.O., and Rockwood, K. (2013). Frailty in elderly people. The Lancet 381(9868): 752–762.
De Vries, N.M., Staal, J.B., Van Ravensberg, C.D., Hobbelen, J.S.M., Rikkert, M.O., and Sanden, M. (2011). Outcome instruments to measure frailty: A systematic review. Ageing Research Reviews 10(1): 104–114.
Désesquelles, A., Demuru, E., Salvatore, M.A., Pappagallo, M., Frova, L., Meslé, F., and Egidi, V. (2014). Mortality from Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and dementias in France and Italy: A comparison using the multiple cause-of-death approach. Journal of Aging and Health 26(2): 283–315.
Fried, L.P., Ferrucci, L., Darer, J., Williamson, J.D., and Anderson, G. (2004). Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: Implications for improved targeting and care. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 59(3): 255–263.
Fried, L.P., Tangen, C.M., Walston, J., Newman, A.B., Hirsch, C., Gottdiener, J., Seeman, T., Tracy, R., Kop, W.J., and Burke, G. (2001). Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 56(3): 146–157.
Fries, J.F. (1983). The compression of morbidity. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. Health and Society 61(3): 397–419.
Grippo, F., Désesquelles, A., Pappagallo, M., Frova, L., Egidi, V., and Meslé, F. (2020). Multi-morbidity and frailty at death: A new classification of death records for an ageing world. Population Studies 74(3): 437–449.
Hao, Q., Zhou, L., Dong, B., Yang, M., Dong, B., and Weil, Y. (2019). The role of frailty in predicting mortality and readmission in older adults in acute care wards: A prospective study. Scientific Reports 9(1): 1207.
HMD (2022). Human Mortality Database [electronic resource]. Berkeley: University of California.
Klijs, B., Mitratza, M., Harteloh, P.P., Charante, E.P., Richard, E., Nielen, M.M., and Kunst, A.E. (2021). Estimating the lifetime risk of dementia using nationwide individually linked cause-of-death and health register data. International Journal of Epidemiology 50(3): 809–816.
Kojima, G., Iliffe, S., and Walters, K. (2018). Frailty index as a predictor of mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Age and Ageing 47(2): 193–200.
Kulmala, J., Nykänen, I., and Hartikainen, S. (2014). Frailty as a predictor of all-cause mortality in older men and women. Geriatrics and Gerontology International 14(4): 899–905.
Lohman, M.C., Sonnega, A.J., Resciniti, N.V., and Leggett, A.N. (2020). Frailty phenotype and cause-specific mortality in the United States. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A 75(10): 1935–1942.
Manfredi, G., Midão, L., Paúl, C., Cena, C., Duarte, M., and Costa, E. (2019). Prevalence of frailty status among the European elderly population: Findings from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe. Geriatrics and Gerontology International 19(8): 723–729.
Mikkelsen, L., Phillips, D.E., AbouZahr, C., Setel, P.W., Savigny, D., Lozano, R., and Lopez, A.D. (2015). A global assessment of civil registration and vital statistics systems: Monitoring data quality and progress. The Lancet 386(10001): 1395–1406.
Muscedere, J. (2020). The need to implement frailty in the International Classification of Disease (ICD. The Journal of Frailty and Aging 9(1): 2–3.
Orfila, F., Carrasco-Ribelles, L.A., Abellana, R., Roso-Llorach, A., Cegri, F., Reyes, C., and Violán, C. (2022). Validation of an electronic frailty index with electronic health records: EFRAGICAP index. BMC Geriatrics 22(1): 1–10.
Rodríguez-Mañas, L., Féart, C., Mann, G., Viña, J., Chatterji, S., Chodzko-Zajko, W., Gonzalez-Colaço Harmand, M., Bergman, H., Carcaillon, L., and Nicholson, C. (2013). Searching for an operational definition of frailty: A Delphi method based consensus statement. The frailty operative definition-consensus conference project. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences 68(1): 62–67.
Sezgin, D., O’Donovan, M., Cornally, N., Liew, A., and O’Caoimh, R. (2019). Defining frailty for healthcare practice and research: A qualitative systematic review with thematic analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies 92: 16–26.
Silan, M., Signorin, G., Ferracin, E., Listorti, E., Spadea, T., Costa, G., and Boccuzzo, G. (2022). Construction of a frailty indicator with partially ordered sets: A multiple-outcome proposal based on administrative healthcare data. Social Indicators Research 160(2): 989–1017.
Soong, J., Poots, A.J., Scott, S., Donald, K., Woodcock, T., Lovett, D., and Bell, D. (2015). Quantifying the prevalence of frailty in English hospitals. BMJ Open 5(10): e008456.
Wilkins, K., Parsons, G.F., Gentleman, J.F., and Forbes, W.F. (1999). Deaths due to dementia: An analysis of multiple-cause-of-death data. Chronic Diseases and Injuries in Canada 20(1): 26‒35.
World Health Organization (1979). Medical certification of cause of death: Instructions for physicians on use of international form of medical certificate of cause of death. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization (2004). The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems ICD-10: Tenth revision. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Xu, Z., Hockey, R., McElwee, P., Waller, M., and Dobson, A. (2022). Accuracy of death certifications of diabetes, dementia and cancer in Australia: A population-based cohort study. BMC Public Health 22(1): 902.