This publication uses publicly available panel data from the India Human Development Survey. Stata files used in analysis were created using Version 14 and may not be compatible with other versions. The .zip replication archive for this publication contains the following files: 1) Stata 14 code to run all analysis presented in paper "replication_widows.do" 2) IHDS panel dataset used in the analysis "widows_panel.dta" The following supplemental file is also included in the .zip: 3) Stata 14 code documenting how to set up the data and define variables found in the "widows_panel.dta" dataset "data_setup_widows.do" Note: This do-file documents how the "widows_panel.dta" dataset can be contructed using the datasets available on the ICPSR data repository and the IHDS website. These datasets have not been included in the .zip file. In order to run this do-file, you will need to register with ICPSR/IHDS and download the data from the links below: 1) "linkind" a linking variables file which can be obtained here: https://ihds.umd.edu/data-download-external-site 2) The IHDS II individual data file available here: https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36151.v6 3) The IHDS I individual data file available here: https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR22626.v12 4) The IHDS I & II panel available here: https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR37382.v1 The following variables used in the analysis were taken directly from the original data: -indicator of literacy (ED2) -age (RO5) -indicator of below poverty line (POOR) -number of workers in the household (NWKANY) -age of spouse (SPRO5) -spouse's relation to head of household (SPRO4) -indicator of spouse literacy (SPED2) -spouse work participation (SPWKANY) -earnings in wage or salary work (WSEARN) -any permanent job (WS13P) -any regular government job (WS14N) -any NREGA job (WS14R) -spouse's salary work (SPWKSALARY) These variables used in the analysis were constructed by the author (see "data_setup_widows.do" for details): -whether widowed or married (widow) -marital status change across waves (mar_group) -number of days worked in the past year (wkdays) -worked at least part time in own farm work in past year (farmwk) -worked at least part time in business in past year (businesswk) -worked at least part time in agricultural labor in past year (aglabwk) -worked at least part time in non-ag. labor in past year (nonaglabwk) -worked at least part time in salary work in past year (salarywk) -worked at least part time in nrega work in past year (nregawk) -worked at least part time in non-nrega wage labor in past year (nonnregawk) -number of days sick in past year (sickdays) -number of children 0-14 in household (Nchild) -indicator of recieving widow pension (widowpen) -indicator of reciving old-age pension (pension) -age group (5 year intervals) in IHDS I (w1_age5) -dichotomous measure of age group (<45 or 45+) in IHDS I (w1_age5d) -caste/religion (w1_groups) -relation to head of household in IHDS II (w2_hoh) -living in North India (north) -living in urban area (urban) -woman-specific id for fixed effects (womanid) -survey wave (time) -continuous age measure in IHDS I (w1_age) -continuous age measure in IHDS II (age_2) -single person household (single) -two person household (twoperson) -relation to head of household including husband option (hoh2) -indicator that new entrant into wage or salary work in IHDS II (new_workerws) -indicator that new salaried worker in IHDS II (new_salarywk)