Volume 47 - Article 30 | Pages 935–966  

Does race response shift impact racial inequality?

By Jerônimo Muniz, Stanley R. Bailey

Abstract

Background: Previous research posits that racial reclassification, or response shift, may confound measures of racial earnings inequality. However, this claim has not been systematically tested.

Objective: We measure racial response shift in Brazil and examine its impact on white-to-nonwhite earnings inequality between survey waves over ten years at nine-month intervals.

Methods: We use individual-level linked data from the 2002–2012 Monthly Employment Survey, involving Brazil's six largest metropolitan areas (n = 400,046). We describe the level and pattern of racial reclassification across time and by income rank. We then decompose racial inequality into two components (income and population ratios) to examine the impact of racial response shift on estimates of racial inequality and to construct analytic counterfactuals.

Results: Results reveal that 16% of our sample shifted their racial responses between survey waves. Nonetheless, we show that this level of response shift had no substantial impact on estimates of income inequality. We explain the counterintuitive results by demonstrating how bidirectional racial classification flows – lightening and darkening – countervail each other due to their similar income profiles and racial reclassification rates.

Contribution: We offer a first empirical analysis of how racial response shift impacts estimates of racial earnings inequality using individual-level linked data from a large-sample survey.

Author's Affiliation

• Jerônimo Muniz - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil EMAIL
• Stanley R. Bailey - University of California, Irvine, United States of America EMAIL

Other articles by the same author/authors in Demographic Research

Racial classification as a multistate process
Volume 50 - Article 17

Race, color, and income inequality across the Americas
Volume 31 - Article 24

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