Replication Package for: Fewer Children, Better Futures: How War Shapes Family Choices
Authors: Héctor Cebolla-Boado & Dulce Manzano (corresponding author)
Institution: Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Corresponding author: dulce.manzano@cchs.csic.es
Journal: Demographic Research
Software used: Stata 17.0
Date: November 2025

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1. OVERVIEW
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This replication package accompanies the article “Fewer Children, Better Futures: How War Shapes Family Choices,” published in Demographic Research.
It contains all available documentation and code necessary to reproduce the results presented in the paper using the 1991 Sociodemographic Survey (ES-91) conducted by the Spanish National Institute of Statistics (INE).

Due to data access restrictions, the replication package does not include the original ES-91 microdata, which must be requested from the official sources described below. All Stata .do files provided reproduce the cleaning, modelling, and figure-generation procedures described in the paper once the data are obtained.

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2. CONTENTS OF THIS PACKAGE
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/docs/
    readme.txt                         → This document
    REPLICATION PACKAGE 2 – Questionnaire.pdf → Image of the original ES-91 questionnaire
/code/
    REPLICATION PACKAGE 3 – analysis.do → Stata 17 do-file reproducing tables and figures
/meta/
    variable_list.txt                  → List and brief description of variables used

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3. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
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The empirical analyses use the Encuesta Sociodemográfica de 1991 (ES-91), a historical microdata survey conducted by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) of Spain.
Although ES-91 is publicly available, it is not directly downloadable. Access must be formally requested via the Spanish Government Open Data Portal or directly through INE.

Official data access links:
  https://datos.gob.es/es/catalogo/ea0010587-encuesta-sociodemografica-1991-microdatos1
  https://www.ine.es

Researchers are typically required to submit a short request describing the intended use of the data. Because ES-91 is an archival dataset, the specific administrative steps for data delivery may vary over time and cannot be precisely anticipated by the authors.

A scanned copy of the original ES-91 questionnaire is included in this package for reference under /docs/.

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4. ADDITIONAL CONTEXTUAL DATA
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Contextual indicators (urbanization rate, GDP per capita) used in the analysis were collected as part of the research project “Family, War, and Social Change in Twentieth-Century Spain” (Grant CSO2017-87597-R).
These contextual data are under temporary embargo and therefore cannot be shared. They were aggregated at the provincial level and used solely for robustness checks. Their unavailability does not affect the main replication of results presented in the paper.

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5. VARIABLE SUMMARY
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Main variables used from ES-91 include:
- Respondent characteristics: year of birth, sex, birth order.
- Family background: father’s education, father’s death during SCW, mother’s year of birth.
- Dependent variables:
  - Having no siblings / having ≥3 siblings (family size indicators)
  - Worked before age 11 (child labor indicator)
  - Sibling survival before age 3 (child quality indicator)

See variable_list.txt for further details.

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6. CODE DESCRIPTION AND REPLICATION STEPS
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The replication code was written and tested in Stata 17.0 under Windows. All commands are commented for clarity.

File | Description | Output
REPLICATION PACKAGE 3 – analysis.do | Imports ES-91 microdata, recodes variables, runs regression discontinuity designs, and produces all tables and figures from the paper | Tables 3–8 and Figures 1–4

To reproduce results:
1. Obtain access to ES-91 data from INE (see section 3).
2. Place the .dta file in a folder named /data/.
3. Open Stata 17 and set the working directory to the root of this package.
4. Run sequentially the Stata script:
   do "REPLICATION PACKAGE 3 – analysis.do"
5. Output tables and figures will be stored automatically in /output/.

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7. NOTES
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- The random-number seed is fixed where randomization is used.
- Minor numerical differences may occur depending on software version or local settings.
- The original ES-91 data contain no personal identifiers and are fully anonymized.
- Any questions or replication issues should be directed to dulce.manzano@cchs.csic.es.

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8. CITATION
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If using any part of these materials, please cite as:

Cebolla-Boado, H. & Manzano, D. (2025). Fewer Children, Better Futures: How War Shapes Family Choices. Demographic Research.
Replication materials available at: [Demographic Research data repository link once assigned].