Volume 33 - Article 26 | Pages 733–764
Educational differences in timing and quantum of childbearing in Britain: A study of cohorts born 1940−1969
By Ann Berrington, Juliet Stone, Eva Beaujouan
References
Adsera, A. (2004). Changing fertility rates in developed countries. The impact of labor market institutions. Journal of Population Economics 17(1): 17–43.
Andersson, G., Ronsen, M., Knudsen, L.B., Lappegard, T., Neyer, G., Skrede, K., Teschner, K., and Vikat, A. (2009). Cohort fertility patterns in the Nordic countries. Demographic Research 20: 313–52.
Axinn, W.G. and Barber, J.S. (2001). Mass Education and Fertility Transition. American Sociological Review 66(4): 481–505.
Beaujouan, E., Berrington, A., Lyons-Amos, M., and Ni Bhrolchaín, M. (2014). User guide to the Centre for Population Change GHS database 1979–2009. UK: ESRC Centre for Population Change (CPC working paper 47).
Beaujouan, E., Brown, J., and Ni Bhrolchaín, M. (2011). Reweighting the General Household Survey, 1979–2007. Population Trends 145: 119–45.
Becker, G.S. (1981). A Treatise on The Family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Becker, G.S. and Lewis, H.G. (1973). On the Interaction between the Quantity and Quality of Children. Journal of Political Economy 81(2): S279–S288.
Berrington, A. (in press). Childlessness in the UK. In: Kreyenfeld, M. and Konietzkai, D. (forthcoming) (eds.). Childlessness in Europe: Patterns, Causes and Contexts. Berlin: Springer.
Berrington, A. and Pattaro, S. (2014). Educational differences in fertility desires, intentions and behaviour: A life course perspective. Advances in Life Course Research 21: 10–27.
Berrington, A. and Pattaro, S. (2011). The Recuperation of Fertility at Older Ages: A Cross-Cohort Comparison of the Role of Fertility Intentions, Partnership and Employment Careers. Washington D.C.: Presented at Population Association of America Annual Conference.
Berrington, A.M. (2004). Perpetual postponers? Women's men's and couple's fertility intentions and subsequent fertility behaviour. Population Trends 117: 9–19.
Billari, F.C. and Borgoni, R. (2005). Assessing the use of sample selection models in the estimation of fertility postponement effects. Statistical Methods and Applications 14(3): 389–402.
Billari, F.C., Goisis, A., Liefbroer, A.C., Settersten, R.A., Aassve, A., Hagestad, G., and Spoder, Z. (2010). Social age deadlines for the childbearing of women and men. Human Reproduction 26(3): 616–622.
Billari, F.C., Kohler, H.-P., Andersson, G., and Lundstrom, H. (2007). Approaching the Limit: Long-Term Trends in Late and Very Late Fertility. Population and Development Review 33(1): 149–70.
Blossfeld, H.P. and Huinink, J. (1991). Human-Capital Investments Or Norms of Role Transition – How Womens Schooling and Career Affect the Process of Family Formation. American Journal of Sociology 97(1): 143–68.
Brewer, M., Ratcliffe, A., and Smith, S. (2012). Does welfare reform affect fertility? Evidence from the UK. Journal of Population Economics 25(1): 245–66.
Brzozowska, Z. (2014). Fertility and education in Poland during state socialism. Demographic Research 31(12): 319–36.
Castro, R. (2015). Late-entry-into-motherhood women are responsible for fertility recuperation. Journal of Biosocial Science 47(2): 275–279.
De Wachter, D. and Neels, K. (2012). Educational differentials in fertility intentions and outcomes: family formation in Flanders in the early 1990s. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2011 9: 227–58.
Dex, S. and Smith, C. (2002). The nature and pattern of family-friendly employment policies in Britain. Bristol: Policy Press.
Ellingsæter, A.L. (2009). Leave policy in the Nordic welfare states: a ‘recipe’ for high employment/high fertility? Community, Work & Family 12(1): 1–19.
Frejka, T. (2012). The role of contemporary childbearing postponement and recuperation in shaping period fertility trends. Comparative Population Studies 36(4): 959–994.
Frejka, T. and Calot, G. (2001). Cohort reproductive patterns in low-fertility countries. Population and Development Review 27(1): 103.
Harknett, K. and Hartnett, C.S. (2014). The gap between births intended and births achieved in 22 European countries, 2004–2007. Population Studies 68(3): 265–282.
Hobcraft, J. and Kiernan, K. (1995). Becoming a parent in Europe. Welfare State Programme Discussion Papers, WSP 116. Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion.
Hochshild, A.R. (1989). The Second Shift: Working parents and the revolution at home. New York: Viking.
Hoem, J.M., Neyer, G., and Andersson, G. (2006). Education and childlessness – The relationship between educational field, educational level, and childlessness among Swedish women born in 1955–59. Demographic Research 14: 331–80.
Iacovou, M. and Tavares, L.P. (2011). Yearning, learning, and conceding: reasons men and women change their childbearing intentions. Population and Development Review 37(1): 89–123.
Jenkins, A. (2011). Educational attainment, labour market conditions and the timing of births. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies 2(2): 202–227.
Joshi, H. (2002). Production, reproduction, and education: Women, children, and work in a British perspective. Population and Development Review 28(3): 445–74.
Kitagawa, E.M. (1955). Components of a Difference Between Two Rates. Journal of the American Statistical Association 50(272): 1168–94.
Kneale, D. and Joshi, H. (2008). Postponement and childlessness: Evidence from two British cohorts. Demographic Research 19: 1935–68.
Kohler, H.-P., Billari, F.C., and Ortega, J.A. (2002). The emergence of lowest low fertility in Europe during the 1990s. Population and Development Review 28(4): 641–80.
Kotowska, I., Józwiak, J., Matysiak, A., and Baranowska, A. (2008). Poland: Fertility decline as a response to profound societal and labour market changes. Demographic Research 19(22): 795–854.
Kravdal, Ø. (1992). The emergence of a positive relation between education and 3rd birth-rates in Norway with supportive evidence from the United-States. Population Studies 46(3): 459–75.
Kravdal, Ø. (2001). The high fertility of college educated women in Norway: An artefact of the separate modelling of each parity transition. Demographic Research 5(6): 187–216.
Kreyenfeld, M. (2002). Time-squeeze, partner effect or self-selection? An investigation into the positive effect of women’s education on second birth risks in West Germany. Demographic Research 7(2): 15–48.
Leridon, H. and Slama, R. (2008). The impact of a decline in fecundity and of pregnancy postponement on final number of children and demand for assisted reproduction technology. Human Reproduction 23(6): 1312–9.
Lesthaeghe, R. (1998). On theory development: Applications to the study of family formation. Population and Development Review 24(1): 1–14.
Lewis, J. (2003). Developing early years childcare in England, 1997–2002: the choices for (working) mothers. Social Policy & Administration 37(3): 219–38.
Liefbroer, A.C. (2009). Changes in family size intentions across young adulthood: A life-course perspective. European Journal of Population 25(4): 363–86.
Luci-Greulich, A. and Thevenon, O. (2013). The impact of family policies on fertility trends in developed countries. European Journal of Population 29(4): 387–416.
Matysiak, A. and Vignoli, D. (2008). Fertility and Women's Employment: A Meta-analysis. European Journal of Population-Revue Europeenne de Demographie 24(4): 363–84.
McAllister, F. and Clarke, L. (2000). Voluntary childlessness: Trends and implications. In: Bentley, G.R. and Mascie-Taylor, C.G.N. (eds.). Infertility in the modern world. Present and future prospects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 189–237.
Mcfall, S. (2013). Understanding Society – UK Household Longitudinal Study: Wave 1–3, 2009–2012 User Manual. University of Essex.
Murphy, M. (1993). The contraceptive pill and women's employment as factors in fertility change in Britain 1963–1980: A challenge to the conventional view. Population Studies 47(2): 221–43.
Neels, K. and De Wachter, D. (2010). Postponement and recuperation of Belgian fertility: how are they related to rising female educational attainment? Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 10 : 77–106.
Ni Bhrolchaín, M. (1986). Women's paid work and the timing of births. European Journal of Population 2(1): 43–70.
Ni Bhrolchaín, M. and Beaujouan, E. (2012). Fertility postponement is largely due to rising educational enrolment. Population Studies 66(3): 311–27.
Ni Bhrolchaín, M., Beaujouan, E., and Berrington, A.M. (2010). Stability and change in fertility intentions in Britain 1991–2007. Population Trends 141: 13–35.
Ni Bhrolchaín, M., Beaujouan, E., and Murphy, M. (2011). Sources of error in reported childlessness in a continuous British household survey. Population Studies 65(3): 305–18.
Office, for National Statistics (2015). Births in England and Wales, 2014.
Office, for National Statistics (2014). Childbearing for Women Born in Different Years, England and Wales, 2013.
Office, for National Statistics (2013). Live Births in England and Wales by Characteristics of Mother 1, 2012: Statistical bulletin. Office for National Statistics, Births in England and Wales.
O'Reilly, J., Nazio, T., and Roche, J.M. (2014). Compromising conventions: attitudes of dissonance and indifference towards full-time maternal employment in Denmark, Spain, Poland and the UK. Work Employment and Society 28(2): 168–88.
Quesnel-Vallee, A. and Morgan, S.P. (2003). Missing the target? Correspondence of fertility intentions and behavior in the US. Population Research and Policy Review 22(5–6): 497–525.
Rendall, M., Aracil, E., Bagavos, C., Couet, C., DeRose, A., DiGiulio, P., Lappegard, T., Robert-Bobee, I., Ronsen, M., Smallwood, S., and Verropoulou, G. (2010). Increasingly heterogeneous ages at first birth by education in Southern European and Anglo-American family-policy regimes: A seven-country comparison by birth cohort. Population Studies 64(3): 209–27.
Rendall, M., Couer, C., Lappegard, T., Robert-Bobee, I., Ronsen, M., and Smallwood, S. (2005). First births by age and education in Britain, France and Norway. Population Trends 121: 27–35.
Rendall, M.S. and Smallwood, S. (2003). Higher qualifications, first-birth timing, and further childbearing in England and Wales. Population Trends 111: 18–26.
Rindfuss, R.R., Bumpass, L., and John, C.S. (1980). Education and Fertility: Implications for the Roles Women Occupy. American Sociological Review 45(3): 431–47.
Schempf, A. and Becker, S. (2006). On the application of decomposition methods. American Journal of Public Health 96(11): 1899.
Schmidt, L., Sobotka, T., Bentzen, J.G., and Andersen, A.N. (2012). Demographic and medical consequences of the postponement of parenthood. Human Reproduction Update 18(1): 29–43.
Schmitt, C. (2012). Labour market integration, occupational uncertainty, and fertility choices in Germany and the UK. Demographic Research 26(12): 253–202.
Settersten, R.A. and Hagestad, G.O. (1996). What's the latest? Cultural age deadlines for family transitions. The Gerontologist 36(2): 178–88.
Sigle-Rushton, W. (2008). England and Wales: Stable fertility and pronounced social. Demographic Research 19: 455–502.
Sigle-Rushton, W. and Waldfogel, J. (2007). The incomes of families with children: a cross-national comparison. Journal of European Social Policy 17(4): 299–318.
Sobotka, T. (2012). Fertility in Austria, Germany and Switzerland: Is there a Common Pattern? Comparative Population Studies 36(2–3): 268–304.
Sobotka, T. (2013). Pathways to Low Fertility: European Perspectives. United Nations Department for Economic Affairs (Expert paper 2013/8).
Testa, M.R. (2012). Women's fertility intentions and level of education: why are they positively correlated in Europe? Vienna: Vienna Institute of Demography of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (European Demographic Research Papers).
Thomson, E., Winkler-Dworak, M., Spielauer, M., and Prskawetz, A. (2012). Union instability as an engine of fertility? A microsimulation model for France. Demography 49(1): 175–95.
Torr, B.M. and Short, S.E. (2004). Second births and the second shift: A research note on gender equity and fertility. Population and Development Review 30(1): 109–30.
van Agtmaal-Wobma, E. and van Huis, M. (2008). De relatie tussen vruchtbaarheid en opleidingsniveau van de vrouw [The relationship between fertility and educational level of women]. Bevolkingtrends 56(2): 32–41.
Van Bavel, J. (2014). The mid-twentieth century Baby Boom and the changing educational gradient in Belgian cohort fertility. Demographic Research 30(925–62).
Van de Kaa, D.J. (1987). Europe's second demographic transition. Population Bulletin 42(1): n1.
Van Mechelen, N. and Bradshaw, J. (2013). Child Poverty as a Government Priority: Child Benefit Packages for Working Families, 1992–2009. In: Marx, I. and Nelson, K. (eds.). Minimum Income Protection in Flux. Basingstoke: Palgrave, Macmillian: 81–107.
Waldfogel, J., Higuchi, Y., and Abe, M. (1998). Maternity leave policies and women's employment after childbirth. London: School of Economics (Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion Working Paper 3).
Wood, J., Neels, K., and Kil, T. (2014). The educational gradient of childlessness and cohort parity progression in 14 low fertility countries. Demographic Research 31: 1365–416.
Yoo, S.H. (2014). Educational differentials in cohort fertility during the fertility transition in South Korea. Demographic Research 30: 1463–94.