Volume 39 - Article 18 | Pages 525–560  

Neonatal mortality, cold weather, and socioeconomic status in two northern Italian rural parishes, 1820–1900

By Francesco Scalone, Alessandra Samoggia

References

Agarwal, S., Sethi, V., Pandey, R.M., and Kondal, D. (2007). Human touch vs. axillary digital thermometry for detection of neonatal hypothermia at community level. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 54(3): 2000–201.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Allison, P.D. (1982). Discrete-time methods for the analysis of event histories. Sociological Methodology 13: 61–98.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Almendra, R., Santana, P., and Vasconcelos, J. (2017). Evidence of social deprivation on the spatial pattern of excess winter mortality. International Journal of Public Health 62(8): 849–856.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Analitis, A., Katsouyanni, K., Biggeri, A., Baccini, M., Forsberg, B., Bisanti, L., Kirchmayer, U., Ballester, F., Cadum, E., Goodman, P.G., Hojs, A., Sunyer, J., Tittanen, P., and Michelozzi, P. (2008). Effects of cold weather on mortality: Results from 15 European cities within the PHEWE project. American Journal of Epidemiology 168(12): 1397–1408.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Angeli, A., Del Panta, L., and Samoggia, A. (1995). Aspetti del regime demografico in Emilia-Romagna tra XVIII e XIX secolo. In: Del Panta, L. (ed.). Le Italie demografiche: Saggi di demografia storica. Udine: Università degli Studi di Udine: 123–150.

Download reference:

Bang, A.T., Reddy, H.M., Baitule, S.B., Deshmukh, M.D., and Bang, R.A. (2005). The incidence of morbidities in a cohort of neonates in rural Gadchiroli, India: Seasonal and temporal variation and a hypothesis about prevention. Journal of Perinatology 25(S1): 18–28.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Bellettini, A. (1971). La popolazione delle campagne bolognesi alla metà del secolo XIX. Bologna: Zanichelli.

Download reference:

Bellettini, A. and Samoggia, A. (1984). Evolution différentielle et mouvement saisonnier de la mortalité infantile et enfantine dans la banlieue de Bologne (XVIIIe–XIXe siècles). Annales de Démographie Historique 1983: 195–207.

Download reference:

Bengtsson, T. (1993). Combined time-series and life-event analysis: The impact of economic fluctuations and air temperature on adult mortality by sex and occupation in a Swedish mining parish, 1757–1850. In: Reher, D.S. and Schofield, R. (eds.). Old and new methods in historical demography. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 239–256.

Download reference:

Bertoloni, G. (1870). Parole proferite davanti alla Giunta di statistica bolognese il 14 febbraio 1870 intorno alla mortalità dei neonati dell’anno 1869. Bologna: University of Bologna.

Download reference:

Breschi, M., Derosas, R., and Manfredini, M. (2000). Infant mortality in nineteenth-century Italy: Interactions between ecology and society. In: Bengtsson, T. and Saito, O. (eds.). Population and economy: From hunger to modern economic growth. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 457–489.

Download reference:

Breschi, M., Derosas, R., and Manfredini, M. (2004). Mortality and environment in three Emilian, Tuscan, and Venetian communities, 1800–1883. In: Bengtsson, T., Campbell, C., and Lee, J.Z. (eds.). Life under pressure: Mortality and living standards in Europe and Asia, 1700–1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 209–251.

Download reference:

Breschi, M., Fornasin, A., Manfredini, M., Pozzi, L., Rettaroli, R., and Scalone, F. (2014). Social and economic determinants of reproductive behavior before the fertility decline: The case of six Italian communities during the nineteenth century. European Journal of Population 30(3): 291–315.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Breschi, M. and Livi Bacci, M. (1994). Le mois de naissance comme facteur de survie des enfants. Annales de Démographie Historique 1994: 169–185.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Breschi, M. and Livi Bacci, M. (1986). Saison et climat comme contraintes de la survie des enfants: L’expérience italienne au XIXe siècle. Population 41(1): 9–35.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Breschi, M., Manfredini, M., and Pozzi, L. (2004). Mortality in the first years of life: Socio-economic determinants in an Italian nineteenth century population. In: Breschi, M. and Pozzi, L. (eds.). The determinants of infant and child mortality in past European populations. Udine: Forum: 123–137.

Download reference:

Carolan, M. and Frankowska, D. (2011). Advanced maternal age and adverse perinatal outcome: A review of the evidence. Midwifery 27(6): 793–801.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Carson, C., Hajat, S., Armstrong, B., and Wilkingson, P. (2006). Declining vulnerability to temperature-related mortality in London over the 20th century. American Journal of Epidemiology 164(1): 77–84.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Cazzola, F. (1996). Storia delle campagne padane dall’Ottocento a oggi. Milano: Mandadori Bruno.

Download reference:

Comizio Agrario di Bologna (1881). Monografia del podere Bolognese. Bologna: Società tipografica già compositori.

Download reference:

Costa, D.L. (1998). Unequal at birth: A long term comparison of income and birth weight. The Journal of Economic History 58(4): 987–1009.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Dal Pane, L. (1969). Economia e società a Bologna nell’età del Risorgimento: Introduzione alla ricerca. Bologna: Compositori.

Download reference:

Dalla Zuanna, G. and Rosina, A. (2011). An analysis of extremely high nineteenth-century winter neonatal mortality in a local context of northeastern Italy. European Journal of Population 27(1): 33–55.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Darmstadt, G.L., Kumar, V., Yadav, R., Singh, V., Singh, P., Mohanty, S., Baqui, A.H., Bharti, N., Gupta, S., Misra, R.P., Awasthi, S., Singh, J.V., and Santosham, M. (2006). Introduction of community-based skin-to-skin care in rural Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Perinatology 26(10): 597–604.

Weblink:
Download reference:

DaVanzo, J., Hale, L., Razzaque, A., and Rahman, M. (2008). The effects of pregnancy spacing on infant and child mortality in Matlab, Bangladesh: How they vary by the type of pregnancy outcome that began the interval. Population Studies 62(2): 131–154.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Derosas, R. (2009). The joint effect of maternal malnutrition and cold weather on neonatal mortality in nineteenth-century Venice: An assessment of the hypothermia hypothesis. Population Studies 63(3): 233–251.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Diaz, J., Garcia, R., Lopez, C., Linares, C., Tobias, A., and Prieto, L. (2005). Mortality impact of extreme winter temperatures. International Journal of Biometeorology 49(3): 179–183.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Drevenstedt, G.L., Crimmins, E.M., Vasunilashorn, S., and Finch, C.E. (2008). The rise and fall of excess male infant mortality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105(13): 5016–5021.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Ekamper, P., van Poppel, F., van Duin, C., and Garssen, J. (2009). 150 years of temperature-related excess mortality in the Netherlands. Demographic Research 21(14): 385–426.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Ferrari, G. and Livi Bacci, M. (1985). Sulle relazioni tra temperatura e mortalità nell’Italia unita, 1861–1914. In: Societá Italiana di Demografia Storica (ed.). La popolazione italiana nell’Ottocento: Continuità e mutamenti. Bologna: Editrice: 273–297.

Download reference:

Fogel, R.W. (2003). Secular trends in physiological capital: Implications for equity in health care. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 46(S3): S24–S38.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Fronzoni, S. (2004). L’insegnamento dell’agricoltura tra Emilia e Romagna alla metà dell’Ottocento: L’esperienza dell’Istituto agrario di Ferrara. In: Biagioli, G. and Pazzagli, R. (eds.). Agricoltura come manifattura: Istruzione agraria, professionalizzazione e sviluppo agricolo. Florence: Olschki: 411–453.

Download reference:

Galloway, P.R. (1985). Annual variations in deaths by age, deaths by cause, prices, and weather in London 1670 to 1830. Population Studies 39(3): 487–505.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Healy, J.D. (2003). Excess winter mortality in Europe: A cross country analysis identifying key risk factors. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 35(2): 77–82.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Huynen, M.M., Martens, P., Schram, D., Weijenberg, M.P., and Kunst, A.E. (2001). The impact of heat waves and cold spells on mortality rates in the Dutch population. Environmental Health Perspective 109(5): 463–470.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Iwamoto, A., Seward, N., Prost, A., Ellis, M., Copas, A., Fottrell, E., Azad, K., Triphaty, P., and Costello, A. (2013). Maternal infection and risk of intrapartum death: A population based observational study in South Asia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 13(245): 1–14.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Jacini, S. (1885). Atti della Giunta per la inchiesta agraria e sulle condizioni della classe Agricola: Relazione finale sui risultati dell’inchiesta redatta per incarico della Giunta dal Presidente Conte Stefano Jacini. Roma: Forzani.

Download reference:

James, W.D., Berger, T.G., and D.M., Elston (2006). Andrews’ diseases of the skin: Clinical dermatology. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.

Download reference:

Keatinge, W.R., Coleshaw, S.R.K., and Holmes, J. (1989). Changes in seasonal mortalities with improvement in home heating in England and Wales from 1964 to 1984. International Journal of Biometeorology 33(2): 71–76.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Keatinge, W.R., Donaldson, G.C., Bucker, K., Jedritsky, G., Cordioli, E., Martinelli, M., Dardanoni, L., Katsouyanni, K., Kunst, A.E., Mackenbach, J.P., McDonald, C., Naya, S., and Vuori, I. (1997). Cold exposure and winter mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and all causes in warm and cold region of Europe. The Lancet 349(9062): 1341–1346.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Kertzer, D.I. and Hogan, D.P. (1989). Family, political economy, and demographic change: The transformation of life in Casalecchio, Italy, 1861–1921. Chicago: University of Wisconsin Press.

Download reference:

Khadka, K.B., Lieberman, L.S., Giedraitis, V., Bhatta, L., and Pandey, G. (2015). The socio-economic determinants of infant mortality in Nepal: Analysis of Nepal demographic Health Survey, 2011. BMC Pediatrics 15(152): 1–11.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Knodel, J. (1984). Seasonal variation in infant mortality: An approach with applications. Annales de Démographie Historique 1983: 208–230.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Kramer, K.L. and Lancaster, J.B. (2010). Teen motherhood in cross-cultural perspective. Annals of Human Biology 37(5): 613–628.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Kunst, A.E., Looman, C.W.N., and Mackenbach, J.P. (1991). The decline in winter excess mortality in The Netherlands. International Journal of Epidemiology 20(4): 971–977.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Landers, J. (1986). Mortality, weather and prices in London 1675–1825: A study of short-term fluctuations. Journal of Historical Geography 12(4): 347–364.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Larsen, K. and Merlo, J. (2005). Appropriate assessment of neighborhood effects on individual health: Integrating random and fixed effects in Multilevel Logistic Regression. American Journal of Epidemiology 161(1): 81–88.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Larsen, K., Petersen, J.H., Budtz-Jørgensen, E., and Endahl, L. (2000). Interpreting parameters in the logistic regression model with random effects. Biometrics 56(3): 909–914.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Lawn, J.E., Cousens, S., and Zupan, J. (2005). 4 million neonatal deaths: When? Where? Why? Lancet 365(9462): 891–900.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Lunze, K. and Hamer, D.H. (2012). Thermal protection of the newborn in resource limited environments. Journal of Perinatology 32(5): 317–324.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Lunze, K., Bloom, D.E., Jamison, D.T., and Hamer, D.H. (2013). The global burden of neonatal hypothermia: Systematic review of a major challenge for newborn survival. BMC Medicine 11(24): 1–11.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Malanima, P. (2006). An age of decline: Product and income in eighteenth-nineteenth century Italy. Rivista di Storia Economica 22(1): 91–133.

Download reference:

Manfredini, M. and Pozzi, L. (2004). Mortalità infantile e condizione socio-economica. Una riflessione sull’esperienza italiana fra ‘800’ e ‘900’. Revista de Demografia Històrica 22(2): 127–156.

Download reference:

McDowall, M. (1981). Long term trends in seasonal mortality. Population Trends 26(4): 16–19.

Download reference:

Menne, M.J., Durre, I., Korzeniewski, B., McNeal, S., Thomas, K., Yin, X., Anthony, S., Ray, R., Vose, R.S., Gleason, B.E., and Houston, T.G. (2016b). Global historical climatology network: Daily (GHCN-Daily) version 3. Asheville: NOAA National Climatic Data Center.

Download reference:

Menne, M.J., Durre, I., Vose, R.S., Gleason, B.E., and Houston, T.G. (2012a). An overview of the global historical climatology network-daily database. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29(7): 897–910.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Miller, S.S., Lee, H.C., and Gould, J.B. (2011). Hypothermia in very low birth weight infants: Distribution, risk factors and outcomes. Journal of Perinatology 31(S1): 549–556.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Opera pia de’ poveri vergognosi in Bologna (1888). Tavole computistiche relative alla produzione, agli aggravi ed ai miglioramenti dei beni rurali. Bologna: Gamberini e Parmeggiani.

Download reference:

Oza, S., Joy, J.L, Hogan, D.R., Mathers, C., and Cousens, S.N. (2015). Neonatal cause-of-death estimates for the early and late neonatal periods for 194 countries: 2000–2013. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 93(1): 19–28.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Pinnelli, A. and Mancini, P. (1997). Gender mortality differences from birth to puberty in Italy. In: Corsini, C.A. and Viazzo, P.P. (eds.). The decline of infant and child mortality: The European experience, 1750–1990. Leiden: Martinus Njhoff: 73–93.

Download reference:

Pozzi, L. (2000). La lotta per la vita: Evoluzione e geografia della sopravvivenza in Italia fra ‘800 e ‘900. Udine: Forum.

Download reference:

Pozzi, L. (2002). The determinants of infant and childhood mortality: A complex tangle in the historical research. In: Società Italiana di Statistica (ed.). Atti della XLI Riunione Scientifica, Milano 5–7 giugno. Padova: CLEUP: 77–86.

Download reference:

Reid, A. (2001). Neonatal mortality and stillbirths in early twentieth century Derbyshire, England. Population Studies 55(3): 213–232.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Reid, A. (2005). The effects of the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic on infant and child health in Derbyshire. Medical History 49: 29–54.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Rettaroli, R., Samoggia, A., and Scalone, F. (2017). Does socioeconomic status matter? The fertility transition in a northern Italian village (marriage cohorts 1900‒1940). Demographic Research 37(15): 455–492.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Rettaroli, R. and Scalone, F. (2012). Reproductive behavior during the pre-transitional period: Evidence from rural Bologna. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 42(4): 615–643.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Rodrìguez, G. and Elo, I. (2003). Intra-class correlation in random-effects model for binary data. The Stata Journal 3(1): 32–46.

Download reference:

Rossi, F. and Tesolat, F. (2006). Analisi della stagionalità in un contesto di alta mortalità infantile: Adria, 1675–1900. Popolazione e Storia 7(1): 31–45.

Download reference:

Scalone, F. (2014). Effects of nutritional stress and socio-economic status on maternal mortality in six German villages, 1766–1863. Population Studies 68(2): 217–236.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Scalone, F., Agati, P., Angeli, A., and Donno, A. (2017). Exploring unobserved heterogeneity in perinatal and neonatal mortality risks: The case of an Italian sharecropping community, 1900–39. Population Studies 71(1): 23–41.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Scalone, F., Agati, P., Angeli, A., and Donno, A. (2013). Microanalisi delle tendenze nella mortalità infantile a Granarolo dell’Emilia tra il XIX e il XX secolo. In: Breschi, M. and Pozzi, L. (eds.). Mortalità e stato di salute dalla nascita alla prima adolescenza: Indagini micro in Italia: Secoli XIX–XX. Udine: Forum: 51–79.

Download reference:

Scalone, F. and Del Panta, L. (2008). Urbanizzazione, spopolamento, migrazioni: I comuni della provincia di Bologna dall’Unità agli ultimi decenni del XX secolo. In: Treves, M. and Sori, E. (eds.). L’Italia in movimento: Due secoli di migrazioni (XIX–XX). Udine: Forum: 329–348.

Download reference:

Sreeramareddy, C.T., Joshi, H.S., Sreekumaran, B.V., Giri, S., and Chuni, N. (2006). Home delivery and newborn care practices among urban women in western Nepal: A questionnaire survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 23: 6–27.

Weblink:
Download reference:

StataCorp (2013). Stata statistical software: Release 13. College Station: StataCorp.

Download reference:

Tanari, L. (1881). Atti della giunta per la inchiesta agraria sulle condizioni della classe agricola. : . Rome: Forzani.

Download reference:

United Nations (2015). UN General Assembly: Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015. New York City: United Nations.

Download reference:

Ward, P. (1993). Birth weight and economic growth: Women’s living standards in the industrialising West. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Download reference:

Ward, P. (2004). Perinatal mortality in Bologna, 1880–1940. In: Breschi, M. and Pozzi, L. (eds.). The determinants of infant and child mortality in past European populations. Udine: Forum: 213–230.

Download reference:

Winkvist, A., Rasmussen, K.M., and Habicht, J.P. (1992). A new definition of maternal depletion syndrome. American Journal of Public Health 82(5): 691–694.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Woods, R. (2009). Death before birth: Fetal health and mortality in historical perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Weblink:
Download reference:

World Health Organization (2006). Neonatal and perinatal mortality: Country, regional and global estimates. Paris: World Health Organization.

Download reference:

Wrigley, E.A., Davis, R.S., Oeppen, J.E., and Schofield, R.S. (1997). English population history from family reconstitution: 1580–1837. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Zabelle, J., Dagan, R., Neumann, L., and Sofer, S. (1990). Risk factors for infantile hypothermia in early neonatal life. Pediatric Emergency Care 6(2): 96–98.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Back to the article