Volume 41 - Article 30 | Pages 873–912  

Changing gender relations, declining fertility? An analysis of childbearing trajectories in 19th-century Netherlands

By Hilde Bras, Reto Schumacher

References

Abadian, S. (1996). Women’s autonomy and its impact on fertility. World Development 24(12): 1793–1809.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Anderton, D.L. and Bean, L.L. (1985). Birth spacing and fertility limitation: A behavioral analysis of a nineteenth century frontier population. Demography 22(2): 169–183.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Atkinson, M.P. and Glass, B.L. (1985). Marital age heterogamy and homogamy, 1900 to 1980. Journal of Marriage and the Family 47(3): 685–700.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Balk, D. (1994). Individual and community aspects of women’s status and fertility in rural Bangladesh. Population Studies 48(1): 21–45.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Barbiano di Belgiojose, E. and L., Terzera (2018). Family reunification: Who, when, and how? Family trajectories among migrants in Italy. Demographic Research 38(28): 737–772.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Barbieri, M. and Hertrich, V. (2005). Age difference between spouses and contraceptive practice in Sub-Saharan Africa. Population 60(5): 671–654.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Bates, L.M., Maselko, J., and Schuler, S.R. (2007). Women’s education and the timing of marriage and childbearing in the next generation: Evidence from rural Bangladesh. Studies in Family Planning 38(2): 101–112.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Benefo, K.D. (1995). The determinants of the duration of postpartum sexual abstinence in West Africa: A multilevel analysis. Demography 32(2): 139–157.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Bernardi, L. (2003Channels of social influence on reproduction). Population Research And Policy Review. 22 5–6(427–455).

Weblink:
Download reference:

Bernardi, L. and Klärner, A. (2014). Social networks and fertility. Demographic Research 30(22): 641–670.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Bernardi, L. and White, R.G. (2010). Close kin influences on fertility behaviour. In: Heady, P. and Kohli, M. (eds.). Family, kinship and state in contemporary Europe. Vol. 3: Perspectives on theory and policy. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag: 177–202.

Download reference:

Birg, H., E.J., Flöthmann, and Reiter, I. (1991). Biographische Theorie der Demografischen Reproduktion. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.

Download reference:

Bongaarts, J. and Potter, R.J. (1983). Fertility biology and behavior: An analysis of the proximate determinants of fertility. New York: Academic Press.

Download reference:

Bongaarts, J. and Watkins, S.C. (1996). Social interactions and contemporary fertility transitions. Population and Development Review 22(4): 693–682.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Bras, H. (2014). Structural and diffusion effects in the Dutch fertility transition, 1870-1940. Demographic Research 30(5): 151‒186.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Bras, H. and Kok, J. (2005). ‘They live in indifference together’: Marriage mobility in Zeeland, The Netherlands, 1796‒1922. International Review of Social History 50(Supplement): 247‒274.

Download reference:

Bras, H., Liefbroer, A.C., and Elzinga, C.H. (2010). Standardization of pathways to adulthood? An analysis of Dutch cohorts born between 1850 and 1900. Demography 47(4): 1013‒1034.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Bras, H. and Suanet, B. (2018). Family systems and spousal age differences in nineteenth and early twentieth century Netherlands. In: Puschmann, P. and Riswick, T. (eds.). Building bridges: Scholars, history and historical demography. A Festschrift in Honor of Professor Theo Engelen. Nijmegen: Valkhof Pers: 421‒446.

Download reference:

Cain, M. (1993). Patriarchal structure and demographic change. In: Federici, N., Mason, K.O., and Sogner, S. (eds.). Women’s position and demographic change. Oxford: Clarendon Press: 43–60.

Download reference:

Carmichael, S. (2011). Marriage and power: Age at first marriage and spousal age gap in lesser developed countries. The History of the Family 16(4): 416–436.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Carmichael, S., De Moor, T., and Van Zanden, J.L. (2011). ‘When the heart is baked, don’t try to knead it’: Marriage age and spousal age gap as a measure of female ‘agency’. Utrecht: Center for Global Economic History (CGEH Working Paper Series 19).

Download reference:

Casterline, J.B. (2001). Diffusion processes and fertility transition: Introduction. In: Casterline, J.B. (ed.). Diffusion processes and fertility transition: Selected perspectives. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press: 1–38.

Download reference:

Casterline, J.B., Williams, L., and McDonald, P. (1986). The age difference between spouses: Variations among developing countries. Population Studies 40(3): 353–374.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Cleland, J. (2001). Potatoes and pills: An overview of innovation-diffusion contributions to explanations of fertility decline. In: Casterline, J.B. (ed.). Diffusion processes and fertility transition: Selected perspectives. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press: 39–65.

Download reference:

Coontz, S. (2005). Marriage, a history: How love conquered marriage. New York: Viking Press.

Download reference:

Darak, S., Mills, M, Kulkarni, V., Kulkarni, S., Hutter, I., and Janssen, F. (2015). Trajectories of childbearing among HIV infected Indian women: A sequence analysis approach. PLoS One 10(4): e0124537.

Weblink:
Download reference:

De Regt, A. (2004). Children in the 20th-century family economy: From co-providers to consumers. The History of the Family 9(4): 371–384.

Weblink:
Download reference:

DeRose, L.F. and Ezeh, A.C. (2010). Decision-making patterns and contraceptive use: Evidence from Uganda. Population Research and Policy Review 29(3): 423–439.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Duncan, S. and Smith, D. (2002). Geographies of family formations: Spatial differences and gender cultures in Britain. Transactions Of The Institute Of British Geographers 27(4): 471–493.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Dyson, T. and Murphy, M. (1985). The onset of fertility transition. Population and Development Review 11(3): 399–440.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Easterlin, R.A. (1978). The economics and sociology of fertility: A synthesis. In: Tilly, C. (ed.). Historical studies of changing fertility. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 57–134.

Download reference:

Easterlin, R.A. and Crimmins, E. (1985). The fertility revolution: A supply-demand analysis. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press.

Download reference:

Elder, G.H., Johnson, M.K., and Crosnoe, R. (2003). The emergence and development of life course theory. In: Mortimer, J.T. and Shanahan, M. (eds.). Handbook of the life course. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 3–19.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Engelen, T. and Kok, J. (2003). Permanent celibacy and late marriage in the Netherlands, 1890–1960. Population 58(1): 67–96.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Feng, W., Lee, J.Z., Tsuya, N.O., Kurosu, S., Oris, M., Dribe, M., and Manfredini, M. (2010). Household organization, co-resident kin, and reproduction. In: Tsuya, N.O., Feng, W., Alter, G., and Lee, J.Z. (eds.). Prudence and pressure: Reproduction and human agency in Europe and Asia, 1700–1900. Cambridge: The MIT Press: 67–95.

Download reference:

Fisher, K. (2000). ‘She was quite satisfied with the arrangements I made’: Gender and birth control in Britain 1920–1950. Past and Present 169(1): 161–193.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Fisher, K. (2006). Birth control, sex and marriage in Britain, 1918–1960. New York: Oxford University Press.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Fisher, K. and Szreter, S. (2010). Sex before the sexual revolution: Intimate life in England 1918–1963. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Download reference:

Fisher, K. and Szreter, S. (2003). They prefer withdrawal: The choice of birth control in Britain, 1918–1950. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 34(2): 263–291.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Folbre, N. (1983). Of patriarchy born: The political economy of fertility decisions. Feminist Studies 9(2): 261–283.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Folbre, N. (1994). Who pays for the kids? Gender and the structures of constraints. New York: Routledge.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Franken, T. and Adriaanse, L. (2004). Op stoom! Industrieel erfgoed in Zeeland (1850–1970). Middelburg: Provincie Zeeland.

Download reference:

Fulda, B.E. (2016). The diversity in longitudinal partnership trajectories during the transition to adulthood: How is it related to individual characteristics and regional living conditions? Demographic Research 35(37): 1101–1134.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Gabadinho, A., Ritschard, G., Müller, N.S., and Studer, M. (2011). Analyzing and visualizing state sequences in R with TraMineR. Journal of Statistical Software 40(4): 1–37.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Gillis, J.R. (1996). A world of their own making: Myth, ritual, and the quest for family values. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Download reference:

Gittins, D. (1992). Fair sex: Family size and structure 1900–1939. London: Hutchinson.

Download reference:

Greenhalgh, S. (1995). Anthropology theorizes reproduction: Integrating practice, political economic, and feminist perspectives. In: Greenhalgh, S. (ed.). Situating fertility: Anthropology and demographic inquiry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 3–28.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Hilevych, Y. (2015). Abortion and gender relationships in Ukraine, 1955–1970. The History of the Family 20(1): 86–105.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Hilevych, Y. (2016). Strong families and declining fertility: A comparative study of family relations and reproductive careers in Soviet Ukraine. [PhD thesis]. Wageningen: Wageningen University and Research, Faculty of Social Sciences.

Download reference:

Hofstee, E.W. (1981). Korte demografische geschiedenis van Nederland van 1800 tot heden [Short demographic history of the Netherlands from 1800 to the present]. Haarlem: Fibula-Van Dishoeck.

Download reference:

Hollerbach, P.E. (1980). Power in families, communication, and fertility decision-making. Population and Environment 3(2): 146–173.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Humphries, J. (2007). ‘Because they are too menny...’ Children, mothers and fertility decline: The evidence from working-class autobiographies of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In: Janssens, A. (ed.). Gendering the fertility decline in the western world. Bern: Peter Lang: 113–150.

Download reference:

Jansen, M. (1989). Ik was niet de enige vrouw: Zeeuwse landarbeidsters in de tweede helft van de negentiende eeuw. In: Backerra, F. (ed.). Vrouwen van het land: Anderhalve eeuw plattelandsvrouwen in Nederland. Zutphen: De Walburg Pers: 15–27.

Download reference:

Janssens, A. (2007a). ‘Were women present at the demographic transition?’ A question revisited. The History of the Family 12(1): 43–49.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Janssens, A. (2007b). Gendering the fertility decline in the western world. In: Janssens, A. (ed.). Gendering the fertility decline in the western world. Bern: Peter Lang: 1–23.

Download reference:

Jappens, M. and Van Bavel, J. (2012). Regional family norms and child care by grandparents in Europe. Demographic Research 27(4): 85–120.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Kaufman, L. and Rousseeuw, P.J. (1990). Finding groups in data: An introduction to cluster analysis. New York: Wiley.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Kloek, E. (2009). Vrouw des huizes: Een cultuurgeschiedenis van de Hollandse huisvrouw. Amsterdam: Balans.

Download reference:

Knippenberg, H. (2003). Van verzuilde naar zwevende kiezers: De politieke kaart in de negentiende en twintigste eeuw. In: Beekink, E., Boonstra, O., Engelen, T., and Knippenberg, H. (eds.). Nederland in verandering: Maatschappelijke veranderingen in kaart gebracht 1800–2000. Amsterdam: Aksant: 123–152.

Download reference:

Knodel, J. (1988). Demographic behavior in the past: A study of fourteen German village populations in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Knodel, J. (1987). Starting, stopping, and spacing during the early stages of fertility transition: The experience of German village populations in the 18th and 19th centuries. Demography 24(2): 143–162.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Knodel, J. and van de Walle, E. (1979). Lessons from the past: Policy implications of historical fertility studies. Population and Development Review 5(2): 217–245.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Kok, J. (1998). ‘Vrijt daar je zijt’: Huwelijk en partnerkeuze in Zeeland tussen 1830 en 1950. Zeeland: Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Zeeuwsch genootschap der wetenschappen 7(3): 131–143.

Download reference:

Lee-Rife, S.M. (2010). Women’s empowerment and reproductive experiences over the life course. Social Science and Medicine 71(3): 634–642.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Lyngstad, T.H. and Prskawetz, A. (2010). Do siblings’ fertility decisions influence each other? Demography 47(4): 923–934.

Weblink:
Download reference:

MacKinnon, A. (1995). Were women present at the demographic transition? Questions from a feminist historian to historical demographers. Gender and History 7(2): 222–240.

Weblink:
Download reference:

MacKinnon, A., Batson, C., and Petersen-Gray, J. (2007). ‘...But I’m so embarrassed, I said, if it’s another baby!’: Schooling, girls and declining fertility in urban South Australia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. In: Janssens, A. (ed.). Gendering the fertility decline in the western world. Bern: Peter Lang: 205–235.

Download reference:

Macmillan, R. (2005). The structure of the life course: Classic issues and current controversies. In: Macmillan, R. (ed.). The structure of the life course: Standardized? Individualized? Differentiated?. Amsterdam: Elsevier: 3–24.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Madero-Cabib, I. (2015). The life course determinants of vulnerability in late careers. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies 6(1): 88–106.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Malhotra, A., Vanneman, R., and Kishor, S. (1995). Fertility, dimensions of patriarchy, and development in India. 21 2(281–305).

Weblink:
Download reference:

Mason, K.O. (2001). Gender and family systems in the fertility transition. Population and Development Review 27: 160–176.

Download reference:

Massey, D. (1984). Spatial divisions of labour. London: Macmillan.

Download reference:

Matthijs, K. (2002). Mimetic appetite for marriage in nineteenth-century Flanders: Gender disadvantage as an incentive for social change. Journal of Family History 27(2): 101–127.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Mayer, K.U. (1987). Lebenslaufsforschung. In: Voges, W. (ed.). Methoden der Biographie- und Lebenslaufsforschung. Opladen: Leske and Budrich: 51–73.

Weblink:
Download reference:

McLaren, A. (1992). The sexual politics of reproduction in Britain. In: Gillis, J.R., Tilly, L.A., and Levine, D. (eds.). The European experience of declining fertility. A quiet revolution 1850–1970. Oxford: Blackwell: 85–100.

Download reference:

Mitterauer, M. and Sieder, R. (1983). The European family: Patriarchy to partnership from the middle ages to the present. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Download reference:

Murphy, M. and Knudsen, L.B. (2008). The relationship of parents’, brothers’ and sisters’ fertility histories with the onset of childbearing in contemporary Denmark. In: Festy, P. and Sardon, J.P. (eds.). Profession démographe: Hommage à Gérard Calot. Paris: INED: 265–285.

Download reference:

Ní Bhrolcháin, M. (1992). Age difference asymmetry and a two-sex perspective. European Journal of Population 8: 23–45.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Ní Bhrolcháin, M. (2005). The age difference between partners: A matter of female choice? In: Sauvain-Dugerdil, C., Leridon, H., and Mascie-Taylor, N. (eds.). Human clocks: The bio-cultural meanings of age. Bern: Peter Lang: 289–312.

Download reference:

Pallitto, C.C. and O’Campo, P. (2005). Community level effects of gender inequality on intimate partner violence and unintended pregnancy in Columbia: Testing the feminist perspective. Social Science and Medicine 60(10): 2205–2216.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Pfau-Effinger, B. (2000). Gender cultures and the gender arrangements and social change in the European context. In: Duncan, S. and Pfau-Effinger, B. (eds.). Gender, economy and culture in the European Union. London: Routledge: 262–276.

Download reference:

Pooley, S. (2013). Parenthood, child-rearing and fertility in England, 1850–1914. History of the Family 18(1): 83–106.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Praz, A.-F. (2007). Gender and religion shaping the pace of the fertility decline: A comparative analysis of two Swiss cantons (1860–1930). In: Janssens, A. (ed.). Gendering the fertility decline in the western world. Bern: Peter Lang: 275–307.

Download reference:

Praz, A.-F. (2009). Religion, masculinity and fertility decline: A comparative analysis of Protestant and Catholic culture (Switzerland 1890–1930). The History of the Family 14(1): 88–106.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Priester, P. (1998). Geschiedenis van de Zeeuwse landbouw circa 1600–1910 [History of Zeeland agriculture, ca. 1600–1900]. ‘t Goy-Houten: HES Uitgevers.

Download reference:

Ritschard, G., Gabadinho, A., Müller, N.S., and Studer, M. (2008). Mining event histories: A social science perspective. International Journal of Data Mining, Modelling and Management 1(1): 68–90.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Rusterholz, C. (2015). Costs of children and models of parenthood: Comparative evidence from two Swiss cities, 1955–1970. Journal of Family History 40(2): 208–229.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Safilios-Rothschild, C. (1972). The relationship between work commitment and fertility. International Journal of Sociology of the Family 2(1): 64–71.

Download reference:

Schumacher, R., Matthijs, K., and Moreels, S. (2013). Migration and reproduction in an urbanizing context: Family life courses in 19th century Antwerp and Geneva. Revue Quetelet 1(1): 19‒40.

Download reference:

Sear, R. and Coall, D. (2011). How much does family matter? Cooperative breeding and the demographic transition. Population and Development Review 37(S1): 81–112.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Seccombe, W. (1992). Men’s ‘marital rights’ and women’s ‘wifely duties’: Changing conjugal relations in the fertility decline. In: Gillis, J.R., Tilly, L.A., and Levine, D. (eds.). The European experience of declining fertility: A quiet revolution 1850–1970. Oxford: Blackwell: 66–84.

Download reference:

Seccombe, W. (1990). Starting to stop: Working-class fertility decline in Britain. Past and Present 126(1): 151–188.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Seccombe, W. (1993). Weathering the storm: Working-class families from the industrial revolution to the fertility decline. London: Verso.

Download reference:

Sevenhuisen, S. (1987). De orde van het vaderschap. Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam.

Download reference:

Shorter, E. (1975). The making of the modern family. New York: Basic Books.

Download reference:

Skinner, G.W. (1993). Conjugal power in Togugawa Japanese families: A matter of life and death. In: Miller, B.D. (ed.). Sex and gender hierarchies. New York: Cambridge University Press: 236–270.

Download reference:

Studer, M. and Ritschard, G. (2016). What matters in differences between life trajectories: A comparative review of sequence dissimilarity measures. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society 179(2): 481–511.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Szreter, S. (1996). Fertility, class, and gender in Britain 1860–1940. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Szreter, S. and Garrett, E. (2000). Reproduction, compositional demography, and economic growth: Family planning in England long before the fertility decline. Population and Development Review 26(1): 45–80.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Therborn, G. (2004). Between sex and power: Family in the world, 1900–2000. London: Routledge.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Timæus, I.M. and Moultrie, T.A. (2008). On postponement and birth intervals. Population and Development Review 34(3): 483–510.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Van Bavel, J. (2004). Deliberate birth spacing before the fertility transition in Europe: Evidence from nineteenth-century Belgium. Population Studies 58(1): 95–107.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Van Bavel, J. and Kok, J. (2005). The role of religion in the Dutch fertility transition: Starting, spacing, and stopping in the heart of the Netherlands, 1845–1945. Continuity and Change 20(2): 247–263.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Van de Putte, B., Van Poppel, F., Vanassche, S., Sanchez, M., Jidkova, S., Eeckhaut, M., Oris, M., and Matthijs, K. (2009). The rise of age homogamy in 19th century Western Europe. Journal of Marriage and Family 71(5): 1234–1253.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Van de Walle, E. (1974). The female population of France in the nineteenth century: A reconstruction of 82 départements. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Download reference:

Van Heek, F. (1956). Roman-Catholicism and fertility in the Netherlands. Population Studies 10(2): 125–138.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Van Leeuwen, M.H.D. and Maas, I. (2011). HISCLASS: A historical international social class scheme. Leuven: Leuven University Press.

Download reference:

Van Leeuwen, M.H.D., Maas, I., and Miles, A. (2002). HISCO: Historical International Standard Classification of Occupations. Leuven: Leuven University Press.

Download reference:

Van Poppel, F. (1992). Trouwen in Nederland: Een historisch-demografische studie van de 19e en vroeg 20ste eeuw. [PhD thesis]. Wageningen: Landbouw Universiteit Wageningen.

Download reference:

Van Poppel, F., Liefbroer, A., Vermunt, J., and Smeenk, W. (2001). Love, necessity and opportunity: Changing patterns of marital age homogamy in the Netherlands, 1850–1993. Population Studies 55(1): 1–13.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Van Poppel, F.W.A. (1985). Le retard du déclin de la fécondité néerlandaise: Rôles de la religion, de la catégorie socio-économique et de la région. European Journal of Population 1(4): 347–373.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Watkins, S.C. (1993). If all we knew about women was what we read in ‘Demography,’ what would we know? Demography 30(4): 551–577.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Wheeler, R.H. and Gunter, B.G. (1987). Change in spouse age difference at marriage: A challenge to traditional family and sex roles? The Sociological Quarterly 28(3): 411–421.

Weblink:
Download reference:

Zijdeman, R.L. (2010). Status attainment in the Netherlands, 1811–1941: Spatial and temporal variation before and during industrialization. [PhD thesis]. Groningen: University of Groningen.

Download reference:

Back to the article