Stationary populations with below-replacement fertility

Carl Schmertmann

Volume 26 - Article 14 | Pages 319–330

Stationary populations with below-replacement fertility

By Carl Schmertmann

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Date received:	18 May 2011
Date published:	18 Apr 2012
Word count:	1961
Keywords:	Austria, below-replacement fertility, dependency ratios, formal demography, immigration, stationary population
DOI:	10.4054/DemRes.2012.26.14
Additional files:	Austria.SI (r file, 5 kB)
	Austria.SIdata (csv file, 4 kB)
Weblink:	All publications in the ongoing Special Collection 8 "Formal Relationships" can be found at http://www.demographic-research.org/special/8/

Abstract

Background: A population with sustained below-replacement fertility and constant immigration eventually becomes stationary. Stationary-through-immigration (SI) populations have unusual age structures that depend on the distribution of immigrants' arrival ages.

Objective: I summarize known formal relationships between the distribution of immigrants' entry ages and the long-run size and structure of SI populations. I clarify a previously published result about SI dependency ratios.

Results: The long-run size and age structure of an SI population depend on the remaining life expectancies of arriving immigrants, but are also sensitive to the expected numbers of native children born after arrival. Numerical calculations with contemporary Austrian data show (1) contrary to previously published results, immigration flows need not be concentrated in early working ages in order to ensure low overall dependency, and (2) the SI dependency ratio is minimized when all immigrants are in their mid-30s.