Volume 27 - Article 20 | Pages 543–592  

Smoothing and projecting age-specific probabilities of death by TOPALS

By Joop de Beer

Abstract

Background: TOPALS is a new relational model for smoothing and projecting age schedules. The model is operationally simple, flexible, and transparent.

Objective: This article demonstrates how TOPALS can be used for both smoothing and projecting age-specific mortality for 26 European countries and compares the results of TOPALS with those of other smoothing and projection methods.

Methods: TOPALS uses a linear spline to describe the ratios between the age-specific death probabilities of a given country and a standard age schedule. For smoothing purposes I use the average of death probabilities over 15 Western European countries as standard, whereas for projection purposes I use an age schedule of ‘best practice’ mortality. A partial adjustment model projects how quickly the death probabilities move in the direction of the best-practice level of mortality.

Results: On average, TOPALS performs better than the Heligman-Pollard model and the Brass relational method in smoothing mortality age schedules. TOPALS can produce projections that are similar to those of the Lee-Carter method, but can easily be used to produce alternative scenarios as well. This article presents three projections of life expectancy at birth for the year 2060 for 26 European countries. The Baseline scenario assumes a continuation of the past trend in each country, the Convergence scenario assumes that there is a common trend across European countries, and the Acceleration scenario assumes that the future decline of death probabilities will exceed that in the past. The Baseline scenario projects that average European life expectancy at birth will increase to 80 years for men and 87 years for women in 2060, whereas the Acceleration scenario projects an increase to 90 and 93 years respectively.

Conclusions: TOPALS is a useful new tool for demographers for both smoothing age schedules and making scenarios.

Author's Affiliation

  • Joop de Beer - Nederlands Interdisciplinair Demografisch Instituut (NIDI), the Netherlands EMAIL

Other articles by the same author/authors in Demographic Research

Sigma and beta convergence in regional mortality: A case study of the Netherlands
Volume 35 - Article 4

A multistate model to project elderly disability in case of limited data
Volume 32 - Article 3

A new relational method for smoothing and projecting age-specific fertility rates: TOPALS
Volume 24 - Article 18

The Netherlands: Childbearing within the context of a "Poldermodel" society
Volume 19 - Article 21

Most recent similar articles in Demographic Research

Mortality modelling with arrival of additional year of mortality data: Calibration and forecasting
Volume 50 - Article 28    | Keywords: Lee-Carter model, longevity risk reduction

Migration and demographic disparities in macro-regions of the European Union, a view to 2060
Volume 45 - Article 44    | Keywords: migration, population projections

Projecting the sexual minority population: Methods, data, and illustrative projections for Australia
Volume 45 - Article 12    | Keywords: Australia, LGBTQ, population projections, sexual minority

Smoothing migration intensities with P-TOPALS
Volume 43 - Article 55    | Keywords: census data, kernel regression, migration, model migration schedule, P-TOPALS, penalised splines, smoothing

Smooth constrained mortality forecasting
Volume 41 - Article 38    | Keywords: age-time patterns, asymmetric penalty, demographic constraints, mortality forecasting, smoothing

Cited References: 43

Download to Citation Manager

PubMed

Google Scholar

Volume
Page
Volume
Article ID