Volume 43 - Article 25 | Pages 707–744  

Women's employment and fertility in a global perspective (1960–2015)

By Julia Behrman, Pilar Gonalons-Pons

Abstract

Background: Scant research explores the association between women's employment and fertility on a truly global scale due to limited cross-national comparative standardized information across contexts.

Methods: This paper compiles a unique dataset that combines nationally representative country-level data on women's wage employment from the International Labor Organization with fertility and reproductive health measures from the United Nations and additional information from UNESCO, OECD, and the World Bank. This dataset is used to explore the linear association between women's employment and fertility/reproductive health around the world between 1960 and 2015.

Results: Women's wage employment is negatively correlated with total fertility rates and unmet need for family planning and positively correlated with modern contraceptive use in every major world region. Nonetheless, evidence suggests that these findings hold for nonagricultural employment only.

Contribution: Our analysis documents the linear association between women's employment and fertility on a global scale and widens the discussion to include reproductive health outcomes as well. Better understanding of these empirical associations on a global scale is important for understanding the mechanisms behind global fertility change.

Author’s Affiliation

• Julia Behrman - Northwestern University, United States of America EMAIL
• Pilar Gonalons-Pons - University of Pennsylvania, United States of America EMAIL

Other articles by the same author/authors in Demographic Research

An exploration of differences in ideal family size between Muslim and non-Muslim women in France
Volume 41 - Article 22

The relationship between women's paid employment and women's stated son preference in India
Volume 36 - Article 52

Out of Sync? Demographic and other social science research on health conditions in developing countries
Volume 24 - Article 2

Most recent similar articles in Demographic Research

Amish fertility in the United States: Comparative evidence from the American Community Survey and Amish population registries
Volume 52 - Article 26    | Keywords: American Community Survey (ACS), Amish, fertility, natural fertility, total fertility rate (TFR)

Examining the relationships between education, coresidential unions, and the fertility gap by simulating the reproductive life courses of Dutch women
Volume 52 - Article 24    | Keywords: contraception, education, fertility, GGS, life course, LISS, microsimulation, Netherlands, physiology, unions

Demographic convergence in marriage timing: Intersecting gender and educational expansion
Volume 52 - Article 14    | Keywords: age at marriage, convergence, cross-country, education, gender, union formation

Job creation, job destruction, and fertility in Germany
Volume 52 - Article 13    | Keywords: fertility, gender, Germany, job creation, job destruction, labor market, spatial modelling, unemployment

Gender differences in routine housework among one-person households: A cross-national analysis
Volume 52 - Article 12    | Keywords: cross-national research, gender, housework, unipersonal households